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anatomy > chapter 11 - Nervous system > Flashcards

chapter 11 - Nervous system Flashcards

exam 2 prep

1
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system

A

Sensory input
integration
motor output

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2
Q

sensory input

A

monitors changes that occur inside and outside the body
receptors throughout the body respond to particular stimuli - info they gain they send to NS

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3
Q

Integration

A

processing and interpretation of input information
NS decides what response to make

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4
Q

Motor output (motor response)

A

the response is carried out
NS sends out response to body part and response takes place - effector organ carries out response

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5
Q

Components of Nervous System

A

Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous system

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6
Q

Central nervous system

A

Composed of brain and spinal cord
-is responsible for interpreting sensory input (integrates) and deciding motor output (sends out response)

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7
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Composed of nerves that extend from the CNS to the rest of the body
responsible for sensory input and motor output
allows info to be sent between the CNS and the rest of the body
brain would have no idea what is happening in the rest of the body w out it

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8
Q

Neurons

A

nerve cells that can respond to stimuli and transmit electrical impulses - excitable cells
msg sending and receiving would not occur w out them

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9
Q

Neuroglia

A

provide support and maintenance to neurons
ensure neurons are capable of doing their job

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10
Q

Astrocytes

A

most abundant , support and protect neurons in CNS
projections that connect and wrap around neurons , nerve endings and surrounding blood capillaries

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11
Q

microglial cells

A

CNS
contact nearby neuron cells to monitor neuron health : make sure neuron is healthy
migrate toward injured neurons and transform into macrophages and phagocytize the neuron

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12
Q

main functions of astrocytes

A

provide nutrient supply for neuron cells
allows migration of young neurons
clean up outside neuron cells - allow correct neuron function

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13
Q

Ependymal cells

A

CNS
have cilia - beat/back and forth quickly to make sure CSF circulates through CNS
CSF - cushions/ protects CNS

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14
Q

Satellite cells

A

PNS
support and protect neuron cells in PNS - make sure neurons in PNS get that they need
similar to astrocytes

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15
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

CNS
wrap around thicker nerve fibers to form myelin sheath
myelin sheath allows for electrical impulses to move quickly
1 oligodendrocytes wraps around multiple neurons

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16
Q

Schwaan cells

A

PNS
same function as oligodendrocytes
1 schwaan cell - 1 neuron

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17
Q

characteristics of neurons

A

longevity
amitotic
metabolism

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18
Q

general structure of neurons

A

cell body
dendrites
axons

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19
Q

Cell body

A

portion of neuron containing nucleus
plasma membrane can receive info from surrounding neurons
begins process of sending out info
protected by bone - reduce the destruction of cell body
cluster of cell bodies in CNS -nuclei
cluster of cell bodies in PNS - ganglia

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20
Q

Dendrites

A

main receptive region of neuron - 1st part of the cell that receives incoming msg
provide increased surface area for incoming signals -convey incoming msgs toward the cell body
neuron cannot pick up incoming signals wout dendrites

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21
Q

Axon

A

single, long nerve fiber extending from the cell body
conducting region of the neuron - send received signal to next neuron
generates and transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body
branches at the end to form axon terminals
bundles of axons in CNS - tracts
bundles of axons in PNS - nuclei

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22
Q

axon terminals

A

neurotransmitter released at axon terminal to pass the impulse to the next neuron

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23
Q

myelin sheath

A

protects and electrically insulates long/large nerve fibers to increase the speed at which impulses are transmitted
found only on axon
not all axons are myelinated -decrease speed of msg transmission

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24
Q

Sensory afferent neuron

A

afferent neurons transmit signals from the body to the CNS
sensory input - Without this, CNS would never get info to integarte

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25
Q

Motor efferent neuron

A

efferent neurons transmit motor response from CNS to the body
impulses travel to effector organs
allows the effector organ to receive response from CNS

26
Q

Interneurons

A

lie between sensory and motor neurons
pass signals through CNS pathways where integration occurs
integration - where the decision is being made - response sent out
connect to other interneurons - communicate
communication is necessary for the correct/appropriate response to be sent out

27
Q

Membrane Potentials

A

neurons can change their resting mem potential faster than other cell types
allows msg to be sent quickly
neuron-looses function if cant chnage RMP
neurons can communicate w other neurons when the resting membrane potential changes

28
Q

Changing resting membrane potential

A

changing resting membrane potential allows a neuron to receive , integrate and send info
cause of change in resting mem potential of neurons - changing the permeability of the plasma mem to one or more ions

29
Q

Ion channels

A

Selective proteins in plasma mem allow passage of ions into/out of the cell - necessary for a change in membrane potential to take place

30
Q

types of proteins

A

leakage (non gated) channels : always open , allow free flow of ions
Gated proteins : part of a protein forms a gate that must be opened before ions can move

31
Q

types of gated proteins

A

Chemically gated: only open when a certain chemical binds to a receptor (neurotransmitter)
Voltage-gated: open and close in response to changing mem potentials
mechanically gated : open in response to physical deformation of receptor

32
Q

Depolarization

A

decrease in membrane potential
inside of cell becomes less negative than RMP
excitation of a neuron - more likely to send msg

33
Q

hyperpolarization

A

increase in membrane potential
inside of cell becomes more negative than RMP
inhibits a neuron - less likely to send msg

34
Q

Graded potentials

A

Graded - magnitude varies directly w stimulus strength
strong stimulus = strong graded potential
only occur over short distances
depolarizing or hyperpolarizing
necessary to initiate an action potential
most likely occur on dendrites

35
Q

Action potentials

A

a very brief reversal of membrane potential (-70mV- +30mV)
only produced by neurons or muscle cells
depolarizing
axon
APs originate at the beginning of axon arising from cell body - trigger point

36
Q

generating APs

A

generation of AP involves the opening of a voltage-gated ion channel in the membrane
Na+ channel has two gates
Activation gate : voltage-sensitive - open at depolarization
inactivation gate : blocks channel to prevent Na+ movement

37
Q

Process of generating APs

A
  1. All voltage-gated channels closed at -70 mV
  2. Depolarization: voltage-gated Na+ channels open at the axon
    membrane will reach a threshold voltage : -55mV
    if threshold not reached AP not produced
  3. Repolarization: action potential ends here
    neurons cant send msgs forever
  4. Hyperpolarization: excess K+ leaves cell : cell interior becomes moe - than RMP
38
Q

APs : stimulus stregth

A

APs are independent of stimulus strength
strong stimuli: APs sent more frequently
weak stimuli: APs sent less frequently

39
Q

APs : Refractory period

A

a period of time in which a second AP cannot be generated at an axon

40
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

begins when Na+ gated channels open until they close (depolarization - repolarization)
APs cannot be generated no matter how strong stimulus strength
prevents neuron overstimulation

41
Q

relative refractory period

A

occurs after absolute - hyperpolarization
weak stimuli cannot produce AP but strong ones can
hyperpolarization causes mV to be more negative - need to depolarize from -90mV to -55 mV only strong stimulus can do this

42
Q

Action potentials : conduction speed

A

impulses can be conducted quickly or more slowly
speed is dependent on two main factors : axon diameter (longer = faster conduction) and degree of myelination (more myelination = faster conduction)

43
Q

types of conduction

A

continuous conduction: propagation in unmyelinated fibers
saltatory conduction : propagation in myelinated fibers

44
Q

APs: Transmission of signals

A

signals are transmitted between neurons at a synapse
synapse: junction between two neurons that sends info from one neuron to the next

45
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

conduct impulses toward the synapse
neuron that is sending msg

46
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

conduct impulses away from the synapse
neuron that receives the msg

47
Q

Process of transmission of APs

A
  1. AP arrives at the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron
  2. voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the terminal open in response to AP
  3. Synaptic vesicles in axon terminal fuse w membrane in response to Ca2+ influx (vesicles contain neurotransmitters)
  4. Neurotransmitter crosses cleft - binds to proteins on postsynaptic neuron
  5. Neurotransmitter binds receptors on the postsynaptic neuron membrane
  6. Neurotransmitter in synaptic cleft is disposed of
48
Q

ways neurotransmitters are disposed of

A

reuptake
degredation
diffusion

49
Q

Postsynaptic potentials

A

temporary change in mem potential of the postsynaptic neuron

50
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

binding of neurotransmitter causes membrane to depolarize
increases the chance of generating an action potential
decrease mem potential
single EPSP cannot induce an AP alone

51
Q

Temporal Summation

A

postsynaptic neuron receives multiple EPSPs in rapid-fire order
receoved individually

52
Q

Spatial summation

A

postsynaptic neuron receives multiple EPSPs at the same time
EPSPs are added together simultaneously

53
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

binding of neurotransmitters causes the membrane to hyperpolarize
decrease the chance of generating an action potential
increase membrane potential

54
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical signals produced in the cell body and is transported to the axon terminals
can be excitatory, inhibitory or either
neurons cn release one or more neutrotrans simultaneously

55
Q

Neurotransmitter receptors

A

channel linked receptors
g protein-coupled receptors

56
Q

channel linked receptors

A

mediate fasted synaptic transmission : sending info quickly
receptors are ligand-gated ion channels
when ligand binds - channel opens
Na+ influx - depolarization
Cl- influx - hyperpolarization

57
Q

g coupled receptors

A

response is indirect and prolonged
neurotransmitter binds to receptor
g protein is activated inside the neuron
g protein activated adenylate cyclase
adenylate cyclase produced cyclic AMP (cAMP)

58
Q

cAMP

A

1 . change membrane permeability by opening or closing ion channels in the membrane
2. activate specific genes in the cell nucleus
3. activate kinase enzyme

59
Q
A
60
Q
A

anatomy (8 decks)

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