Autonomic nervous system

Question 1

somatic NS

Answer 1

system responsible for voluntary muscle movements and somatic reflex arcs

Question 2

autonomic NS

Answer 2

all effectors are visceral - internal organs no control over them
helps maintain a stable internal environment

Question 3

ganglia

Answer 3

sight of synpase between the preganglionic and postganglionic neuron

Question 4

neurotransmitter effects

Answer 4

ANS releases norepinephrine or acetylcholine : can be inhibitory or excitatory

Question 5

Parasympathetic division

Answer 5

rest and digest : energy use low when active
directs housekeeping activités concered w digestion, waste elimination etc

orgin of fibers: brain and the sacral spinal cord
preganglionic - long postganglionic - short
ganglia : in or near the effector organ

Question 6

oculomotor nerve

Answer 6

innervates smooth muscle in the eyes and muscle associated w the lens
allows pupils to constrict and dilate

Question 7

facial nerve

Answer 7

stimulates large glands of head (salivary, lacrimal, nasal)
more salbia when digesting nasal/lacrimal also stimulated (tears)

Question 8

glossopharyngeal nerve

Answer 8

activated parotid (largest) salivary gland - stimulates parotid gland

Question 9

vaugus nerve

Answer 9

provide fibers to neck and almost every organ in thoracic and abdmonial cavities
cardiac plexus: fibers to heart
pulmonary plexus: fibers to lungs
esophageal plexus: serves esophagus
each plexus stimulates activity in the organs it innervates

Question 10

sacral portion

Answer 10

forms pelvic splanchnic nerves : serves pelvic organs and distal portion half of large intestine
has a stimulatory effect on all organs

Question 11

sympathetic division

Answer 11

fight or flight- activated when excited/scared/embarrassed
mobilizes the body for action by affceting heart rate, blood pressure, aorway diameter etc.
orgin of fibers: thoracolumbar region of spinal cord (t1-L2)
preganglionic - short
postganglionic - long
ganglia : close to the spinal cord

Question 12

anatomy of the sympathetic division

Answer 12

preganglionic fibers leaving spinal cord form the sympathetic trunk: allows preganglionic axons to travel to spinal nerves that are higher or lower than where they originate

Question 13

pathway to the sympathetic trunk

Answer 13

1.preganglionic fibers exit the spinal cord
2.fibers passes through white ramus comminucans : guides the preganglionic fibers to the sympathetic trunk
3. fibers enter the sympathetic trunk ganglion: where preganglionic and postganglionic synpase

Question 14

synpases between preganglionic and postganglionic fibers

Answer 14

1.pre and post can synapse at the same level
2.pre and post can synapse at a lower or higher level
3.pre and post synapse at a distant collateral ganglion in abdomen and pelvis - dont synapse in sympathetic trunk

Question 15

synpase in trunk ganglia

Answer 15

postganglionic fibers travel through the gray rami communicans to enter ventral or dorsal ramus of adjoining spinal nerve

Question 16

gray rami communicant

Answer 16

carry postganglionic fibers from sympathetic trunk ganglion to periphery

Question 17

what is the general effecr of the sympatheric diviison on abdominopelvic viscera

Answer 17

inhibitory - slows down organs

Question 18

visceral relfex arcs have 5 components

Answer 18

1. receptor in viscera
2. sensory neurons : non encapsulated, generate AP and send to spinal cord
3. integration center : spinal cord 4. 4.motor neurons : pre and postganglionic neurons
4. visceral effector : smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

Question 19

acetylcholine

Answer 19

effect is not entriely inhibitory or excitatory
released by cholingeric fibers at
1. all ANS preganglionic axons
2. all parasympathetic postganglionic axons at synpase w effector

Question 20

cholinergic receptors that bind ACh

Answer 20

1. nicotinic receptors
   - found on all postganglionic neurons, hormone producing cells of the adrenal medulla,sarcolemma
   - binding of ACh is always stimulatory
2. muscarine receptors
   - all paraysmphatetic effectors and some sympathetic
   - can be inhibitory or excitatory

Question 21

Norepinephrine

Answer 21

effect is not entirely inhibitory or excitatory
released by adrengic fibers at
1. sympathetc postganglionic axons

Question 22

adrenergic receptors that bind NE

Answer 22

1. alpha receptors : all sympathetic target organs
2. Beta receptors
   binging od NE can be inhibitory or stimulatory

Question 23

antagonisict interactions of the divisions

Answer 23

divisions have opposite effects
which division sends APs more frequently determine organs activity

Question 24

vasomotor (sympathetic) tone

Answer 24

continuous partial constriction of blood vessels : allows organ to actually respond to incoming AP blood pressure is low : vasomotor fibers fire more rapidly
blood pressure high : vasomotor fibers fire less rapidly

Question 25

parasympathetic tone

Answer 25

mostly in cardiac and smooth muscle
slows heart rate and mainatins normal activity of digestive and urinary organs

Question 26

unique roles of the sympathetic division

Answer 26

1. thermoregualory response to heat
2. renin release from kidneys
   3 metabolic changes

Question 27

parasympathetic effects

Answer 27

exerts highly localized, short-lived control
- one preganglionic neuron synapses w 1 or few postganglionic : less effectors stimulated overall
- all parasympathetic fibers release ACh : quickly broken down by acetylcholinesterase

Question 28

sympathetic effects

Answer 28

diffuse, long-lasting control
preganglionic synpase w multiple postganglionic
NE and epinephrine have prolonged effects of sympathetic division activation

Question 29

hypothalamic control of the ANS

Answer 29

anterior hypothalamic areas: oversee parasympathetic divison
posterior hypothalamic areas: sympathetic division
limbic system relays output through hypothalamus : emotional reactions to fear snd stress activate sympathetic division

Question 30

hypertension

Answer 30

overreactive sympathetic vasoconstrictor response : heart works harder to circulate blood through narrow blood vessels
treat w adrenergic- receptor blocking drugs

Question 30

raynauds disease

Answer 30

exaggerted vasoconstriction response due to cold or emotional stress
skin of fingers and toes becomes pale

Question 31

autonomic dysreflexia

Answer 31

affects individual who are quadriplegic or have spinal cord injuries above T6
uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons
arterial blood pressure skyrockets