Chapter 11 - Managing Systems Implementation Flashcards
Testing involves the entire information system, including all typical processing situations. During an _________________, users enter data, including samples of actual or live data, perform queries, and produce reports to simulate actual operating conditions. All processing options and outputs are verified by users and the IT project development team to ensure that the system functions correctly. Sometimes known as a system test.
acceptance tests
The process of constructing the programs and code modules that are the building blocks of an information system. __________________is handled by an __________________ group within a traditional IT department that is composed of systems analysts and programmers who handle information system design, development, and implementation.
application development
System developers use defect tracking software, sometimes called _________________, to document and track program defects, code changes, and replacement code, called patches.
bug tracking software
A model developed by SEI that integrates software and systems development into a process improvement framework.
Capability Maturity Model (CMM)®
An SEI-developed process to improve quality, reduce development time, and cut costs. A CMM tracks an organization’s software development goals and practices, using five maturity levels, from Level 1 (relatively unstable, ineffective software) to Level 5 (software that is refined, efficient, and reliable).
Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI)®
The process of turning program logic into specific instructions that a computer system can execute.
coding
A measure of a module’s scope and processing characteristics. A module that performs a single function or task has a high degree of __________, which is desirable.
cohesion
A specified action or state in a structure chart.
condition
In a structure chart, a ________________ shows a message, also called a flag, which one module sends to another.
control couple
In a structure chart, a ______________ is a higher-level module that directs lower-level modules, called subordinate modules.
control module
Measures relationships and interdependence among modules. The opposite of cohesion.
coupling
Primary user of a system, service, or product.
customer
Existing data is loaded into the new system, transformed as needed. Depending on the system, _______________ can be done before, during, or after the operational environment is complete.
data conversion
In a structure chart, a _____________ shows data that one module passes to another.
data couple
System developers use ___________________, sometimes called bug tracking software, to document and track program defects, code changes, and replacement code, called patches.
defect tracking software
A session with users to review the interface with a cross section of people who will work with the new system. This is a continuation of the modeling and prototyping effort that began early in the systems development process.
design walk-through
The process of reviewing the program code to spot logic errors, which produce incorrect results.
desk checking
The _____________ approach causes the changeover from the old system to the new system to occur immediately when the new system becomes operational.
direct cutover
Material that explains a system, helps people interact with it, and includes program _____________, system ________________, operations ____________________, and user _________________.
documentation
A diagram used to describe program logic that represents logical rules and interaction graphically using a series of symbols connected by arrows. ___________ can be useful in visualizing modular program designs.
flowchart
A suite of integrated tools to make it easier to plan, construct, and maintain a specific software product. An ___ is designed to allow the easy integration of system components with less time being spent on developing code for interactive modules.
integrated development environment (IDE)
The testing of two or more programs that depend on each other.
integration testing
A set of guidelines established and updated by the ISO to provide a QA framework for developing and maintaining software.
ISO 9000-3:2014
An agile development cycle that includes planning, designing, coding, and testing one or more features based on user stories.
iteration cycle
In agile development, a meeting held at the beginning of each iteration cycle to break down user stories into specific tasks that are assigned to team members.
iteration planning meeting
In a structure chart, a ______________ is a module that is reusable and can be invoked from more than one point in the chart.
library module
Mistakes in the underlying logic that produce incorrect results.
logic errors
In a structure chart, a _____ indicates that one or more modules are repeated.
loop
Modules that are relatively independent. _________________ modules are easier to maintain and modify, because the logic in one module does not affect other modules.
loosely coupled
In a class diagram, __________ represent program logic.
methods
The process of translating an object model directly into an O-O programming language.
object-oriented development (OOD)
Provides immediate help when users have questions or encounter problems.
online documentation
The environment for the actual system operation. It includes hardware and software configurations, system utilities, and communications resources.
operational environment / production environment
Contains all the information needed for processing and distributing online and printed output.
operations documentation
A practice in XP in which two programmers work on the same task on the same computer; one drives (programs) while the other navigates (watches).
pair programming
The ________________ changeover method requires that both the old and the new information systems operate fully for a specified period. Data is input into both systems, and output generated by the new system is compared with the equivalent output from the old system.
parallel operation
Replacement code that is applied to fix bugs or security holes in software.
patches
The ______________ method allows a new system to be implemented in stages, or modules.
phased operation
The ________________ changeover method involves implementing the complete new system at a selected location of the company.
pilot operation
In a pilot operation, the group that uses the new system first is called the ___________.
pilot site
An assessment of the overall quality of the information system. The evaluation verifies that the new system meets specified requirements, complies with user objectives, and achieves the anticipated benefits. In addition, by providing feedback to the development team, the evaluation also helps improve IT development practices for future projects.
post-implementation evaluation
The framework used to integrate software and systems development by a new SEI model, CMMI.
process improvement
Preparation of ________________________ starts in the systems analysis phase and continues during systems implementation. Systems analysts prepare overall documentation, such as process descriptions and report layouts, early in the SDLC. Programmers provide documentation by constructing modules that are well supported by internal and external comments and descriptions that can be understood and maintained easily.
program documentation
A process or procedure for minimizing errors and ensuring quality in products. Poor quality can result from inaccurate requirements, design problems, coding errors, faulty documentation, and ineffective testing. A QA team reviews and tests all applications and systems changes to verify specifications and software quality standards.
quality assurance (QA)
In agile development, a plan that specifies when user stories will be implemented and the timing of the releases. Releases are relatively frequent, and each release is treated as a system prototype that can be tested and modified as needed.
release plan
A dress rehearsal for users and IT support staff. Organizations typically include all procedures, such as those that they execute only at the end of a month, quarter, or year, in their ______________.
simulation
A software development process that stresses solid design, effective structure, accurate documentation, and careful testing.
software engineering
In structured application development, an indicator that allows one module to send a message to another module.
status flag
A top-down representation of business functions and processes.
structure chart / FDD
A form of testing where the programmer simulates each program outcome or result and displays a message to indicate whether or not the program executed successfully. Each ____ represents an entry or exit point that will be linked later to another program or data file.
stub testing
A lower-level module in a structure chart.
subordinate modules
Programming language grammar error.
syntax errors
The process of putting the new information system online and retiring the old system._____________ can be rapid or slow, depending on the method.
system changeover
A description of a system’s functions and how they are implemented. The analyst prepares most of the _____________________ during the systems analysis and systems design phases. _____________________ includes data dictionary entries, DFDs, object models, screen layouts, source documents, and the systems request that initiated the project.
system documentation
A form of testing involving an entire information system and includes all typical processing situations. During a ___________, users enter data, including samples of actual or live data, perform queries, and produce reports to simulate actual operating conditions. All processing options and outputs are verified by users and the IT project development team to ensure that the system functions correctly.
system testing
The data used in unit testing. ____________ should contain both correct data and erroneous data and should test all possible situations that could occur.
test data
An XP concept that unit tests are designed before code is written, focusing on end results and preventing programmers from straying from their goals.
test-driven development (TDD)
The environment that analysts and programmers use to develop and maintain programs.
test environment
A plan designed by a systems analyst that includes test steps and test data for integration testing and system testing.
test plan
If modules are _______________, one module refers to internal logic contained in another module.
tightly coupled
A design approach, also called modular design, where the systems analyst defines the overall objectives of the system and then breaks them down into subsystems and modules.
top-down approach / partitioning
A successful information system requires training for users, managers, and IT staff members. The entire systems development effort can depend on whether or not people understand the system and know how to use it effectively. The ____________________ is a document that details these requirements.
training plan
A strategy where one group of users has been trained and can assist others. Users often learn more quickly from coworkers who share common experience and job responsibilities.
train-the-trainer
A series of online interactive lessons that present material and provide a dialog with users.
tutorial
The testing of an individual program or module. The objective is to identify and eliminate execution errors that could cause the program to terminate abnormally and logic errors that could have been missed during desk checking.
unit testing
Instructions and information to users who will interact with the system. Includes user manuals, help screens, and tutorials.
user documentation
In agile development, a short, simple requirements definition provided by the customer. Programmers use ______________ to determine a project’s requirements, priorities, and scope.
user story
An Internet-based training session that provides an interactive experience. The word __________ combines the words web and seminar.
webinar
