Chapter 11 - Infection control

Question 1

Pathogen types

Answer 1

Bacteria
VIruses
Fungi
Prions
Parasites

Question 2

Define virulence

Answer 2

Ability to invade and injure host

Question 3

Describe Herpes Zoster

Answer 3

viral infection that can erupt years after chickenpox exposure. - invades nerve tract

Question 4

Two types of immune defenses -

Answer 4

Nonspecific innate AND Specific adaptive

Question 5

Two types of Nonspecific innate immunity?

Answer 5

Native immunity AND passive

Question 6

Define native immunity?

Answer 6

Phagocytic cells, complement, and inflammation immediately respond to antigen exposure.

Occurs even if no previous exposure

Question 7

Define passive immunity?

Answer 7

Antibodies given from external source (breastmilk)

Question 8

What is the body’s 1st line of defense against pathogens?

Answer 8

Skin

Question 9

Define specific adaptive immunity?

Answer 9

Body makes antibodies in response to a particular antigen.

Question 10

What are 4 aspects of an active specific adaptive immunity?

Answer 10

• Requires time to react to antigens
• Provides permanent immunity
• Involves B/T lymph
• Provides GMADE Abs

Question 11

Routes of portal of exit?

Answer 11

Respiratory, GI, GU, Skin, membranes, Body fluids, transplacental

Question 12

Organisms associated with GU portal of exit?

Answer 12

Hep A, E. Coli, HSV, HIV

Question 13

Organisms associated with Skin/Membranes portal of exit?

Answer 13

HSV, Varicella

Question 14

Organisms associated with Blood/body fluids portal of exit?

Answer 14

HIV, Hep B, Hep C

Question 15

What are the 4 modes of transmission?

Answer 15

Contact
Droplet
Airborne
Vector

Question 16

What are the 3 types of contact modes of transmission?

Answer 16

Direct - Person to person
Indirect - Object to person
Fecal/Oral - Handling food

Question 17

What is the chain of infection?

Answer 17

Susceptible host
Causative agent
Reservoir
Portal of exit
Mode of transmission
Portal of entry

Question 18

What are the stages of infection?

Answer 18

Incubation
Prodromal stage
Illness stage
Convalescence

Question 19

Define incubation?

Answer 19

Interval between entry and 1st symptom

Question 20

Define Prodromal stage?

Answer 20

Interval between - general finding onset and distinct findings

The pathogen multiples at this point

Question 21

Define convalescence stage?

Answer 21

Interval when acute findings disappear (days to months depending on INF)

Question 22

What are the 3 stages of inflammation?

Answer 22

Local infection - Red, warm, swelling, TTP
Exudate - Org killed byproducts
Tissue healing/scarring

Question 23

Describe 3 types of exudate?

Answer 23

Serous - clear
Sanguineous - contains RBCs
Purulent - contains WBCs/bacteria

Question 24

Common Lab tests for infection?

Answer 24

CBC - WBC >10k
ESR - >20mm/hr
Positive culture

Question 25

Common Dx procedures for infection?

Answer 25

Gallium scan
Radioactive Gallium citrate
Biopsy
XR, CT, MRI

Question 26

Two tiers of isolation guidelines?

Answer 26

Standard precautions (tier one)
Transmission precautions (tier two)