Chapter 11 - Health Promotion of the Toddler and Family Flashcards
What factor is most important in predisposing toddlers to frequent infections?
a. Respirations are abdominal.
b. Pulse and respiratory rates in toddlers are slower than those in infants.
c. Defense mechanisms are less efficient than those during infancy.
d. Toddlers have short, straight internal ear canals and large lymph tissue.
d. Toddlers have short, straight internal ear canals and large lymph tissue.
What do the psychosocial developmental tasks of toddlerhood include?
a. Development of a conscience
b. Recognition of sex differences
c. Ability to get along with age mates
d. Ability to delay gratification
d. Ability to delay gratification
If the need for basic trust has been satisfied, then toddlers can give up dependence for control, independence, and autonomy. One of the tasks that toddlers are concerned with is the ability to delay gratification. Development of a conscience and recognition of sex differences occur during
the preschool years. The ability to get along with age mates develops during the preschool and school-age years.
The developmental task with which the child of 15 to 30 months is likely to be struggling is a sense of which?
a. Trust
b. Initiative
c. Intimacy
d. Autonomy
d. Autonomy
Autonomy versus shame and doubt is the developmental task of toddlers. Trust versus mistrust is the developmental stage of infancy. Initiative versus guilt is the developmental stage of early childhood. Intimacy and solidarity versus isolation is the developmental stage of early adulthood.
Parents of an 18-month-old boy tells the nurse that he says no to everything and has rapid mood swings. If he is scolded, he shows anger and then immediately wants to be held. What is the nurses best interpretation of this behavior?
a. This is normal behavior for his age.
b. This is unusual behavior for his age.
c. He is not effectively coping with stress.
d. He is showing he needs more attention.
a. This is normal behavior for his age.
Toddlers use distinct behaviors in the quest for autonomy. They express their will with continued negativity and use of the word no. Children at this age also have rapid mood swings. The nurse should reassure the parents that their child is engaged in expected behavior for an 18-month-old.
A 17-month-old child should be expected to be in which stage, according to Piaget?
a. Preoperations
b. Concrete operations
c. Tertiary circular reactions
d. Secondary circular reactions
c. Tertiary circular reactions
A 17-month-old is in the fifth stage of the sensorimotor phase, tertiary circular reactions. The child uses active experimentation to achieve previously unattainable goals. Preoperations is the stage of cognitive development usually present in older toddlers and preschoolers. Concrete
operations is the cognitive stage associated with school-age children. The secondary circular reaction stage lasts from about ages 4 to 8 months
Although a 14-month-old girl received a shock from an electrical outlet recently, her parent finds her about to place a paper clip in another outlet. Which is the best interpretation of this behavior?
a. Her cognitive development is delayed.
b. This is typical behavior because toddlers are not very developed.
c. This is typical behavior because of toddlers inability to transfer remembering to new situations.
d. This is not typical behavior because toddlers should know better than to repeat an act that caused
pain.
c. This is typical behavior because of toddlers inability to transfer remembering to new situations.
During the tertiary circular reactions stage, children have only a rudimentary sense of the classification of objects. The appearance of an object denotes its function for these children. The slot of an outlet is for putting things into. This is typical behavior for a toddler, who is only somewhat aware of a causal relation between events. Her cognitive development is appropriate for her age.
A toddler, age 16 months, falls down a few stairs. He gets up and scolds the stairs as if they caused him to fall. What is this an example of?
a. Animism
b. Ritualism
c. Irreversibility
d. Delayed cognitive development
a. Animism
Animism is the attribution of lifelike qualities to inanimate objects. By scolding the stairs, the toddler is attributing human characteristics to them. Ritualism is the need to maintain sameness and reliability. It provides a sense of comfort to toddlers. Irreversibility is the inability to reverse
or undo actions initiated physically. The toddler is acting in an age-appropriate manner.
What is a characteristic of a toddlers language development at age 18 months?
a. Vocabulary of 25 words
b. Use of holophrases
c. Increasing level of understanding
d. Approximately one third of speech understandable
c. Increasing level of understanding
During the second year of life, the understanding and understanding of speech increase to a level far greater than the childs vocabulary. This is also true for bilingual children, who are able to achieve this linguistic milestone in both languages. An 18-month-old child has a vocabulary of
approximately 10 words. At this age, the child does not use the one-word sentences that are characteristic of 1-year-old children. The child has a very limited vocabulary of single words that are comprehensible
Which characteristic best describes the gross motor skills of a 24-month-old child?
a. Skips
b. Broad jumps
c. Rides tricycle
d. Walks up and down stairs
d. Walks up and down stairs
What developmental characteristic does not occur until a child reaches age 2 1/2 years?
a. Birth weight has doubled.
b. Anterior fontanel is still open.
c. Primary dentition is complete.
d. Binocularity may be established.
c. Primary dentition is complete.
Usually by age 30 months, the primary dentition of 20 teeth is complete. Birth weight doubles at approximately ages 5 to 6 months. The anterior fontanel closes at ages 12 to 18 months. Binocularity is established by age 15 months.
Which statement is correct about toilet training?
a. Bladder training is usually accomplished before bowel training.
b. Wanting to please the parent helps motivate the child to use the toilet.
c. Watching older siblings use the toilet confuses the child.
d. Children must be forced to sit on the toilet when first learning.
b. Wanting to please the parent helps motivate the child to use the toilet.
Voluntary control of the anal and urethral sphincters is achieved sometime after the child is walking. The child must be able to recognize the urge to let go and to hold on. The child must want to please the parent by holding on rather than pleasing him- or herself by letting go. Bowel training precedes bladder training. Watching older siblings provides role modeling and facilitates imitation for the toddler. The child should be introduced to the potty chair or toilet in a
nonthreatening manner
The parents of a newborn say that their toddler hates the baby. . . . He suggested that we put him in the trash can so the trash truck could take him away. What is the nurses best reply?
a. Lets see if we can figure out why he hates the new baby.
b. Thats a strong statement to come from such a small boy.
c. Lets refer him to counseling to work this hatred out. Its not a normal response.
d. That is a normal response to the birth of a sibling. Lets look at ways to deal with this.
d. That is a normal response to the birth of a sibling. Lets look at ways to deal with this.
The arrival of a new infant represents a crisis for even the best prepared toddler. Toddlers have their entire schedules and routines disrupted because of the new family member. The nurse should work with the parents on ways to involve the toddler in the newborns care and to help focus attention on the toddler. The toddler does not hate the infant. This is an expected, normal response to the changes in routines and attention that affect the toddler. The toddler can be
provided with a doll to imitate parents behaviors. The child can care for the dolls needs at the same time the parent is performing similar care for the newborn.
A toddlers parent asks the nurse for suggestions on dealing with temper tantrums. What is the most appropriate recommendation?
a. Punish the child.
b. Explain to child that this is wrong.
c. Leave the child alone until the tantrum is over.
d. Remain close by the child but without eye contact.
d. Remain close by the child but without eye contact.
A parent asks the nurse about negativism in toddlers. What is the most appropriate recommendation?
a. Punish the child.
b. Provide more attention.
c. Ask child not to always say no.
d. Reduce the opportunities for a no answer.
d. Reduce the opportunities for a no answer.
The parents of a 2-year-old child tell the nurse they are concerned because the toddler has started to use baby talk since the arrival of their new baby. What should the nurse recommend?
a. Ignore the baby talk.
b. Tell the toddler frequently, You are a big kid now.
c. Explain to the toddler that baby talk is for babies.
d. Encourage the toddler to practice more advanced patterns of speech.
a. Ignore the baby talk.
Baby talk is a sign of regression in the toddler. Often toddlers attempt to cope with a stressful situation by reverting to patterns of behavior that were successful in earlier stages of development. It should be ignored while the parents praise the child for developmentally appropriate behaviors. Regression is childrens way of expressing stress. The parents should not introduce new expectations and allow the child to master the developmental tasks without
criticism.
