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PSYC 201 > Chapter 11: Health and Wellbeing > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Health and Wellbeing Flashcards

1
Q

What is subjective well-being?

A

-individuals’ overall evaluation of life satisfaction and happiness

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2
Q

Define positive psychology

A

-movement within psychology that applies research to understand how to experience fulfilling lives

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2
Q

What three domains are in the biopsychosocial approach to understanding health? What do they altogether make up? (2)

A

-Biological, social context and psychological
-health

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3
Q

What are the three lines of inquiry in positive psychology?

A

-positive subjective experience
-positive individual traits
-positive institutions

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4
Q

What are positive subjective experiences?

A

-positive moods, positive emotions, flow mindfulness

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5
Q

What are positive individual traits?

A

-hope, resilience, grit, gratitude

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6
Q

What are positive institutions?

A

-positive workplaces, positive schools

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7
Q

What do they define happiness as?

A

-wide range of positive inner feelings

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8
Q

When will survivors of serious illnesses, accidents, natural disasters and other traumatic events report positive psychological growth? (2)

A

-have successfully coped with trauma, adequate social support
-frequently reflect on the traumatizing event and relate it to some positive outcomes

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9
Q

What are the six domains of post-traumatic growth? (6)

A

-new possibilities
-relating to others
-personal strength
-appreciation of life
-spiritual change
-life priority change

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10
Q

What is the thought that goes with the domain of post-traumatic growth: new possibilities?

A

-I have new things that I like to do

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11
Q

What is the thought that goes with the domain of post-traumatic growth: relating to others?

A

-I feel closer to other people than I did before

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12
Q

What is the thought that goes with the domain of post-traumatic growth: personal strength?

A

-I learned I can count on myself

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13
Q

What is the thought that goes with the domain of post-traumatic growth: appreciation of life?

A

-I learned that life is important

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14
Q

What is the thought that goes with the domain of post-traumatic growth: spiritual change?

A

-I understand religious ideas (or the meaning of life) more

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15
Q

What is the thought that goes with the domain of post-traumatic growth: life priority change?

A

-I know what really matters in life

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16
Q

What is the definition of stress? When is stress felt?

A

-lack of fit between perceived demands and perceived ability to cope with demands
-stress is felt when perceived resources<perceived demands

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17
Q

Since stress depends on how we appraise events, what is the primary and secondary appraisal? (2)

A

Primary: initial evaluation of relevance, level of threat and degree of stress the event brings
Secondary: evaluation of our ability to cope

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18
Q

What is ambient stress? What is an example? (2)

A

-chronic negative conditions embedded in the environment
-poverty, excessive traffic.

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19
Q

What is an acute stressor?

A

-threatening event that has a relatively short duration and a clear endpoint

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20
Q

What is a chronic stressor?

A

-threatening events that have a relatively long duration and no time limit

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21
Q

What are the six types of stress?

A

-acute stressors
-chronic stressors
-ambient stress
-daily hassles
-readjustment to life changes
-burnout

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22
Q

What are life changes? Can both positive and negative life changes be stressful? What scale rates this? (3)

A

-any noticeable alteration in one’s living circumstances that require readjustment
-yes both can be stressful
-social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)

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23
Q

What is pressure? What are the two basic types of pressure? (2)

A

-involves expectations to behave in a certain way
-pressure to perform, and pressure to conform to expectations

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24
Q

What three levels do stress responses occur at? (3)

A

-emotional
-physiological
-behavioral

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25
Q

What would be an emotional response to a stressful event?

A

-feeling emotions like anger, fear etc

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26
Q

What would be a physiological response to a stressful event?

A

-autonomic arousal, hormonal fluctuations

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27
Q

What would be a behavioural response to a stressful event?

A

-coping efforts, lashing out, blaming oneself, seeking help etc

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28
Q

Define emotions

A

-powerful, largely uncontrollable feelings, accompanied by physiological changes

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29
Q

What does the inverted -U hypothesis predict about complexity of tasks and the level of arousal that is best? (3)

A

-low complexity tasks, high level arousal is best
-medium complexity tasks, medium level of arousal is best
-high complexity tasks, low level or arousal is best

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30
Q

What is hardiness?

A

-disposition marked by commitment, challenge and control - associated with strong stress resilience

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31
Q

What are the moderating variables influencing stress tolerance? (5)

A

-social support
-hardiness
-optimism
-sensation seeking
-autonomic reactivity

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32
Q

What did Martin Seligman show with the dog experiment? Explain why. (2)

A

-learned helplessness
-because the dogs could have prevented the electric shock by stopping over the barrier but they learned to just take the shocks and not try to escape

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33
Q

What is the frustration aggression hypothesis?

A

-when an individual’s goal-directed behavior is blocked (frustration), it leads to an aggressive response (chatgpt)

34
Q

What does research find happens when you act aggressively?

A

-it produces more anger and aggression

35
Q

What is displacement?

A

-transfer of negative emotion from one person to another

36
Q

What are the three main categories of constructive coping strategies?

A

-appraisal-focused
-problem focused
-emotion focused

37
Q

Describe appraisal-focused coping strategies.

A

-challenging perspective on the situation or appraisal of it

38
Q

Describe the problem-focused strategies.

A

-looking to solve the problem either itself or solving the symptoms

39
Q

What are emotion-focused strategies?

A

-releasing pent-up emotions, distracting oneself, actually dealing with the emotions

40
Q

What is Ellis’s rational-emotive behaviour therapy model?

A

-therapy that focuses on altering clients’ patterns of irrational/negative thinking to reduce maladaptive emotions and behaviour

41
Q

How does Ellis’s ABC’s relate to his rational-emotive behaviour therapy? What are Ellis’s ABCs? (4)

A

-ABC’s are a core component of rational-emotive behaviour therapy
-A is activating event
-B is belief system
-C is consequence

42
Q

What is the activating event in Ellis’s ABCs?

A

-any event/situation that triggers a reaction

43
Q

What is the belief system in Ellis’s ABCs? What can they comprise? (2)

A

-beliefs about activating event
-irrational appraisal and rational appraisal

44
Q

What is the consequence in Ellis’s ABCs?

A

-the emotional and behavioral outcomes resulting from the beliefs

45
Q

What are two psychosocial modifiers of stress? (2)

A

-social support
-a sense of personal control

46
Q

What are the types of social support? (5)

A

-emotional support
-esteem support
-tangible/instrumental support
-informational support
-network support

47
Q

What is esteem support? What is esteem support expressed as? (2)

A

-support that makes someone feel good about themselves
-expressed via positive regard for the person, encouragement or agreement with the individual’s ideas or feelings

48
Q

What is tangible/instrumental support? Examples? (2)

A

-direct assistance
-lending money, giving ride somewhere

49
Q

What is network support?

A

-feeling of membership in a group of people who share interests and social activities

50
Q

What are the four types of control people feel that they have our a situation? (4)

A

-behavioural control
-cognitive control
-decisional control
-informational control

51
Q

Describe behavioural control. What other type of coping is this the same as? (2)

A

-ability to take actions to reduce the impact of stressor
-problem-directed coping

52
Q

Describe cognitive control. What other coping is this the same as? (2)

A

-the use of thought processes or strategies to modify the impact of the stressor
-appraisal-focused coping

53
Q

What is decisional control?

A

-the opportunity to choose between alternative courses of action

54
Q

What is informational control?

A

-opportunity to get knowledge about stressful event

55
Q

What are the four components of emotional intelligence? (4)

A

-be capable to perceive and express emotion
-use emotions to facilitate thought
-ability to understand and analyze one’s own emotions
-regulate emotion

56
Q

What are the symptoms of burnout?

A

-syndrome involving physical and emotional exhaustion, cynicism and a lowered sense of self efficacy that is attributable to work-related stress

57
Q

j

A

j

58
Q

What are strong predictors of happiness?

A

-personality, work, relationship satisfaction

59
Q

What are the two ways happiness is measured?

A

-judgement that life is satisfying
-predominance of positive emotions compared with negative

60
Q

What is a positive illusion?

A

-an inflated view of one’s own characteristics as a good, able and desirable person

61
Q

What do empirical studies consistently find in terms of happiness and sex?

A

-both women and men are equally happy

62
Q

What do studies find about age and happiness? There are two types of findings. (2)

A

-some studies there are very small variations in happiness across age (happiness dips around 20 and begins increasing again after 50)
-in some studies, level of happiness is constant across different age groups

63
Q

What is the correlation between a nation’s well-being score and its gross national product?

A

+ 0.67

64
Q

Is there a relation between income and happiness in the USA in the study?

A

-both yes and no, depending on whether the individual has made enough money to support the basic needs of life, there is a threshold of income that a person must achieve to be happy and after this it doesn’t effect happiness

65
Q

Is the overall constant level of happiness affected by sudden fortune or misfortune according to studies? What affects this? (2)

A

-no it is not affected by fortune or misfortune
-rather by personality

66
Q

What two personality traits are closely related to well-being?

A

-extraversion and neuroticism

67
Q

What is extraversion? Give some examples. (2)

A

-tendency to seek stimulation and enjoy the company of others
-loves variety and excitement, positive outlook on life, the life of the party

68
Q

What is neuroticism? Give examples. (2)

A

-tendency to experience negative emotions more frequently and intensely
-moody, anxious, unstable, pessimistic

69
Q

What are the four factors acting on peoples happiness the most?

A

-personality
-life satisfaction (accomplishments and aspirations met)
-social support
-socioeconomic status

70
Q

What is eustress? What is distress? (2)

A

-positive stress like getting married
-negative stress

71
Q

Describe the steps involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. (4)

A

-hypothalamus activates the sympathetic nervous system which activates the adrenal glands and sends out norepinephrine and epinephrine
-then hypothalamus sends message to pituitary gland
-pituitary gland sends a hormone to the adrenal gland
-adrenal glands secrete cortisol

72
Q

What does cortisol do when it reaches the hypothalamus?

A

-triggers a negative feedback loop to turn off HPA axis

73
Q

What is the alarm stage? What happens to the immune system during this? (2)

A

-this is fight or flight
-brief reduction in immune response but then it kicks back in

74
Q

What is the general adaptation system? What are its three stages? (2)

A

-theory to describe the bodies short-term and long-term reactions to stress
-alarm, resistance and exhaustion

75
Q

What is the resistance stage? What happens to immunity during this? (2)

A

-the body prepares for longer defence from the stressor
-immunity increases as body increases its responses

76
Q

What is the exhaustion stage?

A

-various physiological and immune systems fail

77
Q

What is allostatic load? What does it represent? (2)

A

-cumulative burden of chronic stress and life events on the body’s physiological systems.
-It represents the wear and tear that the body experiences due to repeated cycles of stress and the body’s efforts to adapt to these challenges through the process of allostasis.

78
Q

Differentiate allostatic load and general adaptation syndrome.

A

-allostatic load is multiple stress response cycles whereas general adaptation syndrome is just one

79
Q

What is the tend-and-befriend response?

A

-respond to stress by nurturing offspring and seeking social support from others

80
Q

What did Folkman and Moskowitz determine as three strategies that can help people use positive thoughts to deal with stress? (3)

A

-positive repraisal
-downward comparison
-creation of positive events

81
Q

According to Kobasa, what three traits describe hardiness? (3)

A

-commitment
-challenge
-control

82
Q

What is the broaden-and-build theory?

A

-positive emotions cause people to expand their view of what is possible in a situation (broaden) and develop new ideas and relationships (build)

PSYC 201 (7 decks)

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