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AS Level Chemistry > Chapter 11 - Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Define homologous series

A

A family of compounds :
have similar chemical properties
differ by the addition of a CH2 group.
follow the same general formulaf

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2
Q

Define functional group

A

The part of the organic molecule that is largely responsible for the chemicals properties of the molecule

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3
Q

Aliphatic

A

carbon atoms bonded together to form a straight or branched chain that doesn’t contain a benzene ring.

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4
Q

Alicyclic

A

Carbon atoms joined in a ring with or without branches that doesn’t contain a benzene ring.

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5
Q

Aromatic

A

It contains at least 1 benzene ring

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6
Q

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

A

There are 3 homologous series or they are hydrocarbon of:

  • alkenes (contains single bonds)
  • alkanes (contains at least 1 double C-C bond)
  • alkynes (contains at least 1 triple C-C bond)
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7
Q

Naming aliphatic alkanes

A
  1. Identify longest continuous carbon chain and name that
  2. Identify any side chains, called the alkyl group. It has a hydrogen atom removed.
  3. The name is added as a prefix with the number at which the position the alkyl group is on the parent chain
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8
Q

stem for 1 carbon

A

meth-

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9
Q

stem for 2 carbons

A

eth-

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10
Q

stem for 3 carbons

A

prop-

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11
Q

stem for 4 carbons

A

but-

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12
Q

stem for 5 carbons

A

pent-

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13
Q

stem for 6 carbons

A

hex-

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14
Q

stem for 7 carbons

A

hept-

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15
Q

stem for 8 carbons

A

oct-

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16
Q

stem for 9 carbons

A

non-

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17
Q

stem for 10 carbons

A

dec-

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18
Q

Alkyl group for 1 carbon- side branches

A

methyl - CH3

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19
Q

Alkyl group for 2 carbons -side branches

A

ethyl - C2H5

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20
Q

Alkyl group for 3 carbons -side branches

A

propyl - C3H7

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21
Q

Alkyl group for 4 carbons -side branches

A

butyl - C4H9

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22
Q

Alkyl group for 5 carbons -side branches

A

Pentyl - C5H11

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23
Q

Naming alicyclic alkanes

A

Same as aliphatic alkanes, except you have to put a ‘cyclo’ in front of it

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24
Q

Naming alkenes

A

Same as alkanes, just you have to state the position of the carbon-carbon double bond.
Ex. if the double bond is on carbon2 and carbon3, then it would be called ex. pent-2-ene.

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25
Q

Alkene function group

A

C-C double bond

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26
Q

Alcohol functional group

A
  • OH

ending: -ol

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27
Q

Aldehyde

A

-CHO
CO- double bond
ending: -al

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28
Q

Ketone

A

Functional group:

  • C(C=0) C-
    ending: -one
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29
Q

Carboxylic acid

A
  • COOH

sending: -oic acid

30
Q

general formula of alkanes

A

C(n)H(2n+2)

31
Q

general formula of alkenes

A

C(n)H(2n)

32
Q

General formula of alcohols

A

C(n) H(2n+1) OH

33
Q

general formula of carboxylic acids

A

C(n) H (2n) O2

34
Q

general formula of ketones

A

C(n) H(2n) O

35
Q

what is the definition of an organic compound

A

A compound whose molecular weight is mostly carbon

36
Q

in which industries is organic compounds used in

A 
agriculture 
pharmaceutical
cosmetics
detergents
plastic
paint or pigment
37
Q

definition of alkynes

A

contains at least 1 C-C triple bond

38
Q

what does it mean to be unsaturated

A

if a compound contains at least 1 C-C double or triple bond

39
Q

Alkanes- explain their reactivity

A 
they are very unreactive, mainly because they don't have a functional group. However, they can still undergo:
thermal decomposition (cracking)
combustion
40
Q

What is the shape of alkanes

A

They aren’t straight. They form a zig-zag shape.

Because the bond angles of a carbon atom is always 109.5, meaning they are all tetrahedrals.

41
Q

IUPAC- stand for?

A

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

42
Q

For nomenclature, what are the rules?

A

Alphabetical order
Name how many side chains there are (di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-)
Find the way you can have the smallest numbers possible

43
Q

Amine group functional group

A

NH2

ending: -amine

44
Q

IUPAC Nomenclature Functional groups

A
  1. COOH (carboxylic)
  2. CHO (aldehyde)
  3. CO (ketone)
  4. OH (alcohol)
  5. NH2 (amine)
45
Q

prefix for alcohol

A

hydroxy-

46
Q

prefix for amine

A

amino-

47
Q

prefix for ether

A

(branch) oxy..

functional group: - O -

48
Q

Halide

A 
'Halo' 
Look for :
-fluoro
-chloro
-bromo
-iodo
When name compounds with these, put the number on which carbon it is at the front rather than the middle.
49
Q

Notice about carboxylic acids

A

If it is present, then that C is immediately Carbon 1.

50
Q

How are sigma bonds made

A

They are a type of covalent bond made where 2 orbitals of adjacent atoms directly overlap each other.

51
Q

Example of sigma bond explanation

A

Each carbon atom has 4 unpaired electrons. Each unpaired electron occupies an orbital and when those carbon atoms approach each other, their orbitals can directly overlap. The unpaired electrons pair together forming a covalent (sigma) bond.

52
Q

Why do sigma bonds allow rotation within a molecule

A

Because sigma bonds are positioned on a line between 2 atoms, and the carbon atoms can rotate freely about that line.

53
Q

What are the 2 ways sigma bonds can be broken

A

Homolyctic fission and heterolyctic fission

54
Q

Explain homolyctic fission

A

The covalent bond breaks
Both atoms leave with 1 of the electrons from the shared pair, resulting in 2 radicals.
Showed by using curly one-sided arrows
And by using dots on each radical.

55
Q

Explain heterolyctic fission

A

The covalent bond breaks
1 atom leaves with both of the electrons from the shared pair, resulting in a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion. Shown by using full arrows.

56
Q

What are the 3 things that chemical reaction can be

A

addition / combination
elimination (decomposition)
substitution (single/double displacement)

57
Q

What is isomerism

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but a different structural formulae.

58
Q

What is general formula

A

The simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series.

59
Q

what is skeletal formula

A

each line- single bond
end of a line- CH3
each ‘bend’- carbon atom

60
Q

What would you call the C=C

A

Alkene

CnH2n

61
Q

OH

A

Alcohol
-ol
Cn H2n+1 OH

62
Q

CHO

A

Aldehyde
-al
Cn H2n O

63
Q

C - C=O

A

Ketones
-one
Cn H2n O

64
Q

COOH

A

Carboxylic acids
-oic acid
Cn H2n O2

65
Q

O - C=O

A

Ester
-oate
Cn H2n O2

66
Q

NH2

A

Amine
Amino-
-amine
Cn H2n+1 NH2

67
Q

what is the empirical formula

A

the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present

68
Q

what is the molecular formula

A

the actual number and type of atoms of each element in a molecule of a compound.

69
Q

what is structural formula

A

the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

70
Q

what is displayed formula

A

it shows the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them.

AS Level Chemistry (19 decks)

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