Chapter 11 Flashcards
Inheritance
Traits passed down from your parents.
Genetics
The scientific study of heredity.
Traits passed down.
Gregor Mendel
Father of genetics.
Fertilizations
Male and female reproductive cells join.
Flowers gametes are
Male- Pollen
Female- Egg
Flowers usually self pollinate so
offspring is the same as the parents.
This is called true breeding.
Trait
Specific characteristics.
P generation
The parents, what it starts with.
Filia and Fillus
Daughter and son.
Hybrids
Crosses of parents with different traits.
Alleles
Different forms of genes.
Mendel’s Test
Took a tall and crossed it with a short (young p generation)
He got all short for F¹.
At fist Mendel was confused, but what happened?
There are dominant and recessive genes.
Dominant
Covers up the other trait. It shows because it is stronger.
Recessive
Covered by the other one. It only shows if both are recessive.
What do genes come in?
Pairs
Gametes
Sex Cells
Segregation
Separation
Probability
The likelihood of something happening, chance.
What can probability be used for?
To predict the outcome of genetic crosses.
Punnet Squares
Used to predict and compare the genetic variations of genetic crosses.
Homozygous
Two indentical alleles (TT, tt)
Heterozygous
Two different alleles (Tt)
Phenotype
Physical charecteristics, adjectives (tall or short).
Genotype
Genetic makeup, the letters (TT, Tt, tt).
What does the principle of independent assortment state?
That genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.
Incomplete Dominance
One allele is not completley dominant over the other.
Codominance
Both alleles show phenotype.
Multiple Alleles
Genes having more than two alleles affecting it.
Polygenetic Traits
Traits controlled by many genes.
Genes help determine traits along with?
Environment
Mendel did not know that genes are located where?
On chromosomes in the cell nucleus.
Homologous
Two sets of chromosomes matching from parents.
Diploid
2N
Haploid
N
Meiosis
Process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.
Interphase I
DNA Duplicates
Meiosis I
Prophase I: Chromosome pairs with corresponding homologous chromosome.
Metaphase I: Spindle fibers attach in middle.
Anaphase I: Fibers pull chromosomes towards poles.
Telophase I and Cytokinesis: Membranes form and separate into 2 cells.
Meiosis II
Prophase II: Divides into two haploid cells.
Metaphase II: Chromosomes line up in the middle.
Anaphase II: Spindle pulls towards poles.
Telophase II and Cytokinesis: Result of four haploid cells.
What is the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis?
Mitosis results in two genetically identical diploid cells.
Meiosis results in four genetically different haploid cells.
Gene Map
Shows the relative location of each known gene.
