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Biology 1 For Majors > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell Division

A
  • Process of making 2 daughter cells
  • both cells must have full complement of DNA present in parent cell
  • Parent Cell must be large
  • Key cellular components have to be duplicated before cell division takes place
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1
Q

Mitotic Cell Division

A
  • more complicated than binary fission
  • genome much larger
  • organized into one or more linear chromosomes
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2
Q

2 stages of cell cycle

A

M Phase and Interphase

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3
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cell into 2 separate cells

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4
Q

M Phase

A
  • Goes through mitosis and cytokinesis

- 5 steps: Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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5
Q

Interphase

A
  • Stage between 2 M phases

- makes many preparations for division

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6
Q

3 stages of interphase

A

S, G1, and G2 phase

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7
Q

G1 phase

A
  • Between end of M phase and start of S phase
  • when specific regulatory proteins are made and activated
  • preparation for S phase
  • enlarges cell
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8
Q

G2 phase

A
  • Between end of S phase and start of M phase
  • size and protein content increase before division
  • Checks all DNA that was produced
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9
Q

G0 phase

A
  • Pause between M phase and S phase
  • absence of preparation for DNA synthesis
  • performs specialized function
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10
Q

Karyotype

A

-Portrait formed by number and shapes of chromosomes representative of a species

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11
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

2 of the same type of chromosome- one from mother, one from father

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12
Q

sex chromosomes

A

the X and Y chromosomes

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13
Q

Ploidy

A

number of complete sets of chromosomes

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14
Q

Haploid

A

one complete set of chromosomes

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15
Q

Diploid

A

two complete sets of chromosomes

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16
Q

Polypoid

A

More than two complete sets of chromosomes

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17
Q

Sister Chromatids

A
  • Two identical copies of DNA

- Do not separate

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18
Q

Centromere

A

Constriction that holds sister chromatids together

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19
Q

Prophase

A
  • First stage of mitosis
  • Characterized by appearance of visible chromosomes
  • Centrosome duplicates and each one begins to migrate around the nucleus
  • Final locations define where the cell will eventually be separated into 2 daughter cells
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20
Q

Mitotic Spindle

A
  • In the cytosol

- pulls chromosomes into separate daughter cells

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21
Q

Centrosome

A

Compact structure that is the microtubule organizing center for animal cells
-Assembles mitotic spindle

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22
Q

Prometaphase

A
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down and the microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to chromosomes
  • Chromosomes are not organized
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23
Q

Kinetochores

A
  • 2 protein complexes associated with the centromere of each chromosome
  • One on each side of constriction
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24
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Microtubules lengthen or shorten
  • Chromosomes aligned in the middle of dividing cell
  • Most visually distinctive under microscope
  • ensures efficient and complete separation of genetic info
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25
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Sister chromatids separate
  • Centromere divides to allow the sister chromatids to separate
  • travel to opposite poles
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26
Q

Telophase

A
  • Chromatids begin to revert back to chromatin
  • Cytokinesis is initiated
  • Nuclear envelopes re-form around each set of chromosomes creating 2 nuclei
  • Marks the end of mitosis
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27
Q

Contractile Ring

A
  • Ring of actin filaments that form against the inner face of the cell membrane
  • Ring contracts pinching the cytoplasm of the cell, dividing it into 2
  • driven by motor proteins
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28
Q

Phragmoplast

A
  • formed from dividing plant cells

- consists of overlapping microtubules that guide vesicles containing cell wall components to the middle of the cell

29
Q

Cell Plate

A
  • New cell wall in the middle of the dividing cell

- Fuses with original cell wall once cell is large enough

30
Q

Meiotic Cell Division

A
  • Important in development of multicellular organisms and repair of tissue and organs
  • produces gametes
  • only occurs in specialized reproductive cells
  • Has 2 rounds of cellular division
  • Makes sexual reproduction possible
  • Makes 4 daughter cells instead of 2
31
Q

Prophase 1

A
  • chromatids condense into chromosomes
  • beginning of formation of mitotic spindle
  • spindle fiber only able to connect to each chromosome once
  • centrosomes begin to migrate
  • nuclear envelope begins to break down
32
Q

Synapsis

A
  • homologous chromosomes pair with each other
  • occurs in prophase 1
  • forms bivalent
33
Q

Bivalent

A

4 stranded structure created by synapsed chromosomes

34
Q

Non-sister chromatids

A
  • Chromatids attached to different centromeres
  • Replicas of different chromosomes
  • genetically similar but not identical
35
Q

Chiasma

A

Crosslike structures within bivalent

36
Q

Crossing Over

A
  • physical breakage and reunion between non-sister chromatids
  • allows maternal and paternal chromosomes to undergo an exchange of DNA segments
  • creates allelic combinations that didn’t exist before
37
Q

Metaphase 1

A

-Meiotic spindle completed and bivalents move so that they lie on an imaginary plane

38
Q

Anaphase 1

A
  • 2 homologous chromosomes of each bivalent separate as they’re pulled in opposite directions
  • Centromeres/Sister Chromatids don’t separate
39
Q

Telophase 1

A
  • cytoplasm divides producing 2 separate cells

- No DNA synthesis between the 2 meiotic divisions

40
Q

Prophase 2

A
  • Chromosomes condense

- Nuclear envelope disappears and spindle begins to set up

41
Q

Metaphase 2

A

-Chromosomes line up so that centromeres lie on an imaginary plane cutting across the spindle

42
Q

Anaphase 2

A
  • Centromere of each chromosome splits

- separated chromatids pulled toward opposite poles of the spindle

43
Q

Telophase 2

A

-4 genetically unique gametes

44
Q

Equational Division

A

Same number of chromosomes at the beginning and the end

45
Q

Division of cytoplasm in female mammals

A
  • cytoplasm divides unequally

- most remains in very large cell called oocyte

46
Q

Polar Bodies

A

smaller cytoplasm sites

47
Q

Division of cytoplasm in male mammals

A
  • divides equally

- goes on to form functional sperm

48
Q

2 processes of sexual reproduction

A

Meiosis and fertilization

49
Q

Where human meiosis occurs

A

Female: ovaries Male: testes

50
Q

zygote

A
  • single cell formed by gametes fusing during fertilization

- diploid

51
Q

cyclin

A
  • regulatory proteins that activate kinases

- levels rise and fall with each turn of the cell cycle

52
Q

Checkpoint

A

regulatory mechanism for cell cycle

53
Q

DNA replication checkpoint

A
  • At the end of G2

- Checks to see if all DNA is replicated

54
Q

DNA damage checkpoint

A
  • Before entering S phase

- Checks to see if the DNA is damaged

55
Q

Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

A
  • Before Anaphase

- Checks to see if all chromosomes are attached to the spindle

56
Q

Phospholtases

A

Removes phosphate group

57
Q

Aromatic Amines

A

Organic chemicals that enter cells and associate with DNA

58
Q

Chromosomes in Eukaryotes

A
  • linear
  • More of them than in Prokaryotes
  • Isolated in nucleus
  • Mitotic spindle assembled in the cytosol
  • Packaged with histone proteins
59
Q

Chromatin

A
  • DNA coiled up around a histone protein
  • Chromatin goes through condensation to make chromosomes
  • Chromosomes only exist during division
60
Q

Autosomes

A
  • chromosomes 1-22

- don’t determine sex

61
Q

Alleles

A
  • Different forms that genes come in

- All alleles same for homologous chromosomes and in the same location

62
Q

Solutions to having so much DNA

A
  • Package the DNA in pieces
  • Replicate all the DNA before starting to segregate it
  • Keep sister chromatids coupled until time for division
  • Condense the length of each chromosome
  • Develop a special machine to do segregation job
63
Q

Mitosis

A

Separating genetic info in the cell to divide

64
Q

Kinetochore

A

-special region that is on the outside of
the centromere where mitotic spindle attaches
-mitotic spindle attaches on each side of the centromere

65
Q

2 things Meiosis has to have

A
  • Has to produce haploid gametes

- Has to introduce genetic variation

66
Q

Genetic Variation

A

Involves crossing over and independent assortment

67
Q

Replication Division in Meiosis 1

A
  • 1 diploid cell into 2 haploid cells w/ replicated chromosomes
  • Homologous chromosomes separate
68
Q

Meiosis II

A
  • sister chromatids separate

- 4 haploid cells w/ unreplicated chromosomes

69
Q

Recombinant Chromatids

A

New genetic combinations

70
Q

Independent Assortment

A

How 1 bivalent lines up completely independent from other

71
Q

3rd source of genetic variation

A
  • From sexual reproduction

- random fertilization

Biology 1 For Majors (10 decks)

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