Chapter 11 Flashcards
What was the high point of feminism in the 1970s known as?
Second-wave feminism
What significant event did the United Nations inaugurate in 1977?
International Women’s Day
What was the aim of Women’s Liberation groups that emerged in the 1970s?
To support women
What action did Women’s Lib organisations take against the 1970 Miss World Contest?
Disrupted the event due to objectification of women
In what year did Women’s Lib organise demonstrations demanding equal pay?
March 1971
What is the definition of patriarchy?
A social structure that privileges men
What are reproductive rights?
The rights to have information about, and the ability to make decisions regarding, having children
What feminist magazine was set up in 1971?
Spare Rib
Who were the founders of Spare Rib?
Marsha Ware and others
What did radical feminists believe regarding women’s oppression?
Women were oppressed by the patriarchal society
What did socialist feminists identify about women’s equality?
A clearer class dimension to women’s equality
What significant change occurred regarding the birth control pill in 1971?
It became available through the NHS
When did the first rape crisis centre open in London?
1976
What legislation was passed in 1975 to address discrimination based on gender?
The Sex Discrimination Act
What was established by the Sex Discrimination Act?
The Equality Opportunities Commission
What economic improvement occurred for women starting in 1971?
Women could take out a mortgage without a male guarantor
What did the Equal Pay Act of 1970 aim to achieve?
To ensure equal pay for equal work
What was introduced by the Employment Protection Act in 1975?
Paid maternity leave
What was the wage percentage of women compared to men’s wages in 1977?
70 percent
What did the TUC publish in 1979 regarding women?
Charter, Equality for Women within Trade Unions
What was a significant immigration policy change in 1971?
The Immigration Act restricted rights for New Commonwealth citizens
True or False: The Equal Pay Act solved all inequalities for women in the workplace.
False
Fill in the blank: The _______ was a movement that supported women’s rights and aimed to disrupt gender norms in the 1970s.
Women’s Liberation movement
Who was the dictator of Uganda who persecuted and expelled Ugandan Asians in the 1970s?
Idi Amin
What was the Brick Lane area of London known as due to the concentration of immigrants?
‘Banglatown’
How many immigrants from Bangladesh arrived in Britain after its breakaway from Pakistan?
28,000
By 1974, how many New Commonwealth immigrants had come to Britain?
Over 1 million
What were the three main countries of origin for New Commonwealth immigrants to Britain by 1974?
- Caribbean
- India
- Pakistan
- Africa
What was established by the Race Relations Act of 1976?
The Commission for Racial Equality
What was the primary focus of the National Front, a political party founded in 1967?
To oppose non-white immigration
In what year did the National Front have up to 20,000 members?
1976
What was the response of the Conservative Party to the growth of the National Front?
To toughen up immigration policy
What did Margaret Thatcher express concern about in her 1978 television interview regarding immigration?
People being afraid that the country might be swamped by people with a different culture
True or False: The National Front ever won any elections.
False
What was one strategy used by the National Front?
Holding marches and demonstrations
What pressure group was set up in 1977 to combat racism?
The Anti-Nazi League
What music styles influenced the Rock Against Racism concert in April 1978?
- Reggae
- Ska
- Punk rock
Fill in the blank: The Rock Against Racism concert in April 1978 attracted _______ people.
100,000
What year did the Notting Hill Carnival riot occur, resulting in over 300 people being injured?
1976
How many police officers from a black or ethnic minority background were in the Metropolitan Police in 1976?
70
What was a significant cultural and political event mentioned in David Widgery’s account of the Rock Against Racism concert?
The Trafalgar Square concert
What are reggae and ska characterized by?
A strong offbeat
What is multiculturalism?
Policies that support ongoing cultural diversity
Multiculturalism seeks to recognize and respect different cultures of various ethnicities equally.
What significant event highlighted police attitudes in 1979?
The death of Blair Peach
Blair Peach was killed during a demonstration; the Metropolitan Police admitted responsibility in 2010.
Who was the first black player selected for the England football team?
Viv Anderson
His selection in 1978 marked a significant moment in race relations in sports.
What were some signs of ongoing racism in popular culture during the 1970s?
- Overt racism in football terraces
- Racist jokes in comedy
- The continuation of The Black and White Minstrel Show until 1978
These elements reflect societal attitudes despite some progress in race relations.
What did the Commission for Racial Equality warn by 1980?
Racial prejudice and discrimination were still rife
The government’s response to these issues was deemed inadequate.
What youth subculture emerged in 1975 to 1976?
The punk movement
It was influenced by bands like the New York Dolls and rejected commercialism.
Name three British punk bands.
- Sex Pistols
- The Clash
- The Damned
These bands played a significant role in the punk music scene.
What was the punk philosophy primarily characterized by?
Nihilism and a DIY attitude
Musical skill was considered less important than attitude.
What was the purpose of the shocking image of punks?
To provoke and challenge societal norms
Punks wore distinctive clothing like safety pins and ripped T-shirts.
What controversial single did the Sex Pistols release in 1977?
‘God Save the Queen’
It reached number two in the charts despite the BBC refusing to play it.
How did skinheads evolve from Mod culture?
They initially embraced Jamaican music and culture
Many skinheads were apolitical, but some became linked to the National Front.
What term was used to describe the growing problem of football violence in the 1970s?
The English disease
Organized hooligan groups like the Chelsea Headhunters contributed to this reputation.
Fill in the blank: The punk movement rejected _______.
[hippy culture]
This rejection was a significant aspect of the punk identity.
True or False: The punk concerts were known for their peaceful atmosphere.
False
Concerts often involved spitting and violent scuffles.
What was a common reaction of the older generation toward youth culture in the 1970s?
Concerns about social, political, and economic battles
Youth subcultures reflected broader societal issues.
What did the newspapers say about the Sex Pistols’ performance?
Headlines such as ‘The Filth and the Fury’
This reflects the moral panic created by the punk movement.
What was the main argument of Gaia theory?
The earth is sustained through a complex connected and evolving system, and environmental damage can have devastating consequences for its future.
What topics does environmentalism as a political philosophy cover?
Environmentalism covers a multitude of topics including:
* Industrial pollution
* Protection of wildlife
* Organic farming
* Dangers from radiation and nuclear waste
How did pictures of the earth from space impact public views?
They highlighted the earth’s fragility and contributed to the emergence of the term ‘ecology’ in public consciousness.
What was the significance of Rachel Carson’s book ‘Silent Spring’?
‘Silent Spring’ alerted the public to the decline in wildlife due to chemical pesticides and linked their usage to cancer.
What major environmental incident occurred in 1967?
The wreck of the oil tanker Torrey Canyon caused a massive oil spill that polluted the coastline of southwest England.
What was the focus of Paul Ehrlich’s book ‘The Population Bomb’?
It dramatised the threat to the environment from overpopulation.
What year was announced as the year of European conservation?
1970
What was the role of Friends of the Earth?
It was formed in the United States in 1969 and expanded to include Britain, France, and Sweden in 1971, coordinating environmental campaigns.
What new form of anti-nuclear protest emerged in the 1970s?
Campaigns against the use of nuclear power due to long-term dangers of radioactive waste and potential accidents.
What incident increased anxieties about nuclear power in 1979?
The partial nuclear meltdown at Three Mile Island in New York.
What organization was founded in 1971 to campaign against whaling?
Greenpeace
What extreme actions did the Animal Liberation Front take?
They adopted extreme violence, including sending letter bombs to politicians.
What was the significance of David Attenborough’s ‘Life On Earth’?
It used new techniques of color photography and gained massive television audiences worldwide in 1979.
What was the original name of the Ecology Party?
The People’s Party
When did the Ecology Party change its name to the Green Party?
1985
Who was Teddy Goldsmith and what was his contribution to environmentalism?
He campaigned against the destruction of the Amazon rainforest and set up the journal ‘The Ecologist’ in 1970.
Fill in the blank: The book ‘Watership Down’ published in ______ reflects ecological issues.
1972
True or False: The environmental movement in the 1970s was unified with no splits in ideology.
False
What was the main focus of television programs in the 1970s regarding environmentalism?
To raise awareness about the natural environment and conservation.
What did the radical organization Greenpeace focus on after its founding?
Campaigning against whaling.
What event caused outrage in 1975 related to animal testing?
Beagles in laboratories were forced to smoke 30 cigarettes a day.
