Chapter 11 Flashcards
Skeletal system functions
Provide framework
Protect internal organs
Provide blood cells (RBC’s)
Movement
Stores minerals
How many bones
206
2 main groups
Axial Skeleton: (80) Main trunk – skull, spine, ribs, vertebrae, sternum and breastbone
Appendicular Skeleton: (126) – Extremities - upper/lower limbs, shoulders and hips
Bones made up of a protein called…
collagen and minerals
2 types of tissue
Compact bone and spongy bone
Marrow
tissue that fills the spaces of the bones
Red =
Yellow=
produces blood cells to the bone
stores fat
Types of bones: (4)
Long: (legs, arms)
Short: (wrists, ankles)
Flat: (skull, shoulder blade)
Irregular: (face, vertebrae)
Cartilage
Strong, flexible connective tissue in joints – serves as cushion
Ossification
the process by which bone is formed, renewed & repaired
Children have a lot of
Cartilage that later turns into bone
A joint is
Point at which bones meet
4 types of joints
Ball and socket: (hip/shoulder)
Hinge: (elbow, knee, ankle, fingers)
Pivot: (head – turn neck)
Ellipsoidal: “gliding” (wrist)
Ligament
elastic connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
Tendon
Fibrous tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Care of the skeletal system
Regular exercise
Lots of vitamin D – NOT MILK!
Minerals – Calcium and phosphorus
Protective gear
Skeletal problems
Fractures: break in the bones
Three major types:
Closed/Simple: Bone does not break the skin (crack, etc.)
Open/Compound: bone protruded through the skin
Greenstick/hairline: a small, slender crack
Osteoporosis: progressive loss of bone tissue
Bones become weak and brittle – mostly in older women!
Scoliosis: a lateral, or side to side, curvature of the spine
At birth or childhood
Joint Injuries
Dislocation: torn ligaments that cause bones to slip out of place/joint
Torn cartilage:
Bursitis: Inflammation of the bursa sac around the joint
Bunion: Swelling of the bursa joint in the big toe
Arthritis: inflammation of any joint
Largest bone
Femur (upper leg)
Smallest bone
auditory ossicles (middle ear)
Easiest to break
Collarbone/Clavicle
How many muscles in your body
Approximately 650
Functions of muscular system
Help you breathe
Make heart beat
Move food through digestive system
Body movement
Voluntary Muscles
Muscles used under conscious control
Involuntary Muscles
Muscles used under unconscious control (don’t have to think about – *autonomic nervous system)
Muscle
made up of hundreds of long cells called fibers
Muscle fibers
2 types
Slow twitch
use energy slowly – (marathon run)
Fast twitch
use energy quickly – (sprint race)
Muscles work in
two complimentary, or opposing, actions
Contraction
the shortening of the muscle
Extension
The stretching of the muscle
contraction and extension both actions are triggered by
nerve impulses
Three types of muscle tissue
Smooth muscle: Found in lining of passageways and internal organs *(involuntary control)
Skeletal muscle: Attached to bone and cause movement *(Most – voluntary control)
Cardiac muscle: Forms the wall of the heart *(Involuntary control)
Always work in pairs
Flexor – muscle that closes the joint
Extensor – muscle that opens the joint
Care of muscular system
Regular Physical Exercise (aerobic and anaerobic
Muscles must be used!!!!!
Unused muscles will
atrophy: (decrease in size & strength)
Muscle tone
Natural tension in muscle fibers
Largest muscle
gluteus maximus (buttock)
Smallest muscle
Stapedius (ear)
Muscle problems
Muscle soreness – usually temporary, occurs after hard work/exercise
Cramp - painful involuntary contraction of a muscle or muscles, typically caused by fatigue or strain.
Bruise – area of discolored skin caused by rupture of blood vessel
Strain – muscle is stretched or partially torn
Sprain – injury to the ligament in a joint
Tendonitis – inflammation of the tendon
Hernia – When an organ or tissue protrudes through the muscle
Major muscular diseases
Muscular dystrophy: (inherited) disorder in which muscle fibers are progressively destroyed *(treatment but no cure)
Muscular Sclerosis (MS) A disease in which the immune system eats away at the protective covering of nerves. *(treatment but no cure)
Treatment for muscle injuries (R,I,C,E)
R = rest
I = ice
C = compression
E = elevation
The Nervous System functions
Coordinates all activities of the body
2 Main divisions
Central Nervous System: (CNS) – interprets messages sent from PNS and responds – consists of the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System: (PNS) gathers information from inside and outside the body – consists of nerves and sensory receptors *(includes automatic)
Neurons
(basic unit of the nervous system) carry messages, or impulses from one part of the body to another
3 Types of Neurons
Sensory – senses (vision, hearing, touch, smell, and taste)
Motor – movement
Interneurons – connect sensory & motor neurons
Neuron consists of three parts
Cell body – control center
Dendrites – receive information
Axons – transmit information
Brain
controls the activities of the nervous system (control center) – (3 lbs)
Functions of brain
Thought
Remember (memorize)
Reason
Muscle movement
Emotions
The brain can last only ____without oxygen before suffering damage
5 min
3 Main divisions of the Brain
Cerebrum: largest and most complex part. (85%)
2 sides – Left/Right
Left – Language, reason, analyze data, memory
Right – music, art, relationships
Cerebellum – 2nd largest part
Coordinates movement of skeletal muscles/balance
Brain stem: 3 inch stalk of nerve cells
Connects spine to brain
Spinal cord
long column of nerve tissue (highway) – nerve impulses (18 in. down back)
Vertebrae (bones) of spinal column…
protect it
Reflex action
allows you to react quickly to potential harmful situations (automatic)
Most important step you can take to care for the nervous system is to…
protect it from injury!
Head injuries
Concussion: bruise to the brain (brain hitting the skull)
Coma: prolonged period of unconsciousness. (Diseases or drugs)
Injury to the spinal cord can cause….
Paralysis: the loss of the ability to move and feel some part of the body
Meningitis: inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord – Vaccine
Seizure: a sudden, uncontrolled nerve impulse. Can lead to…
Epilepsy: a brain disorder that causes recurring, unprovoked seizures.
Headaches: a continuous pain in the head *(most common problem of the nervous system)
Tension and migraine are the most common!
Treatment
proper diet, water, exercise and sleep
