Chapter 11 Flashcards
GDEx cybersecurity challenges.
G: Advancements in technology have led to the growth of online computer networks which store huge amounts of confidential data. Globalisation has made it easier for people to access information virtually However, computers, networks, programs and information have become more vulnerable to cyberattacks.
D: Cybercriminals attack networks belonging to governments, businesses and individuals to gain access to secret information concerning a country or dealings between countries, steal trade secrets or money, or steal personal information through malware respectively.
Ex: Singapore’s government websites such as the Prime Minister’s Office and the Istana’s websites were hacked and vandalised in 2013.
DEx Responses and Management of cybersecurity challenges.
Individual: Cybersecurity cacn be practised through one’s habits when online. Individuals can use firewalls on their devices to prevent hackers from stealing their information, like McAfee or Windows Defender.
National: Governments can invest resources into training more people to be cybersecurity experts. One main aim of the National Cybersecurity Masterplan 2018 was to increase governmental efforts to promote the adoption of cybersecurity measures among businesses by conducting workshops and classes.
International: Countries can collaborate by sharing information and skills to combat cybersecurity challenges. Asia Pacific Computer Emergency Response Team (APCERT) encourages cooperation between member countries to maintain a certain number of computer security experts in the region, improving the region’s competency in responding to cybersecurity challenges.
GDEx transnational terrorism.
G: Terrorism is able to spread to multiple countries due to the ease of transport resulting from the developments in transport.
D: Transnational terrorism is the use of violence to harm or generate fear amongst victims, who are often civillians or non-combatants, coming from within or outside a country’s borders.
Ex: Al-Qaeda, a military group, hijacked 4 American planes and crashed them into various locations in the USA such as the World Trade Centre in New York City. In 90 minutes, 19 terrorists had killed themselves and nearly 3000 others. This event is known as the 9/11 attacks.
DEx preventive responses and management measures for transnational terrorism. (National and international)
D: Preventive measures deter terrorists and thus prevent loss of lives, destruction of property and disruption to the economy and society.
Ex (National): Border controls are done by the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority (ICA) at checkpoints to seize potential perpetrators and prevent conveyances of prohibited itemes across Singapore’s borders.
Ex (International): ASEAN Counter Terrorism workshop is where countries exchange their best practices so as to enhance counter-terrorism cooperation in the region.
DEx protective measures for responses and management of transnational terrorism.
D: Protective measures reduce a country’s vulnerability to transnational terrorism.
Ex: POLCAMS are installed countrywide at all public areas, including void decks, almost eevery street and common areas like parks. These cameras help to track potential perpetrators and allow the police to capture them before they take action. They are also used to track down criminals for arrest.
DEx responsive management measure for transnational terrorism. (National and International)
D: Countries should always be prepared to deal with damages or harm brought about by acts of transnational terrorism through their response to such acts.
Ex (National): Exercise Heartbeat is held annually to test preparedness in cases of an emergency. For this event, Home Team agencies work with the community and private corporations to help people be better prepared to deal with a range of security threats.
Ex (International): ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting Plus Counter Terrorism Exercise in 2013 brought forces from ASEAN countries, USA, China and Australia together to discuss strategies to coordinate operations against CBRE-related terrorist attacks.
*CBRE = chemical, biological, radioactive and explosive
