chapter 11 + 12.4 Flashcards
process in which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
cell division
cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of new organism
Sexual reproduction
A single parent that results an offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
Asexual reproduction
Thread like structure within the nucleus that contains genetic info that is passed on from one generation to the next
chromosome
substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consist of DNA tightly coiled around histones
Chromatin
series of events in which a cell grows prepares for division and divides to form two daughter cells
Cell cycle
period of the cell cycle between cell divisions where the cell grows
Interphase
Part of eukaryotic cell division where the cell nucleus divides
Mitosis
Division of cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells
cytokinesis
Half identical sister parts of a duplicated chromosome
Chromatid
Where two sister chromatids attach
centromere
structure in an animal cell that organized cell division
centriole
first and longest phase of mitosis in which genetic material of the nucleus condenses and chromosomes become visible
prophase
Second phase; chromosomes lineup across center of cell
Metaphase
third phase; chromosomes, separate, and move to opposite cell ends
Anaphase
Fourth phase; inked individual chromosomes spread out into a tangle of chromatin
telophase
One of a group of external regulatory proteins that stimulate growth and division of cells
Growth factor
One of the family of proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells
cyclin
Process of program cell death
apoptosis
Disorder in which some of the body cells lose the ability to control growth
Cancer
Mass of rapidly dividing cells that can damage surrounding tissue
Tumor
Developing stage of a multicellular organism
Embryo
Process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
Differentiation
cells that are able to develop into any type of cell found in the body (including cells that make up the embryonic membranes and placenta)
totipotent
stage of early development in mammals that consists of a hollow ball of cells
Blastocyst
cells that are capable of develop into most, but not all of the body cell types
pluripotent
Unspecialized so that can give rise to one or more types of specialized cells
Stem cell
cell with limited potential to develop into many types of differentiated cells
multipotent
Refers to chromosomes in which one set comes from the male parent and one that comes from the female parent
Homologous
Refers to a cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes
Diploid
refers to a cell that contains only a single set of genes
Haploid
Process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes and a diploid cell
meiosis
Structure containing four chromatids that form during meiosis
tetrad
Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis
Crossing over
