ch 14 vocab Flashcards
Single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose
RNA
carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
messenger RNA
Combines with proteins to form ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA
Carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis
Transfer RNA
Synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
Transcription
Enzyme that links together, the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template
RNA polymerase
Specific region of a gene where RNA polymerase can bind and begin transcription
Promoter
Sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein
intron
expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein
exon
Long chain of amino acids that makes proteins
Polypeptide
Collection of codons of mRNA, each of which directs the incorporation of a particular amino acid into a protein during protein synthesis
Genetic code
Group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA, that specify a particular acid to be incorporated onto a protein
codon
Process by which the sequence of bases of an mRNA is converted into the sequence of amino acids of a protein
Translation
Group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to the three bases of a codon of mRNA
Anticodon
in prokaryotes, a group of adjacent genes that shares a common operator and promoter and are transcribed into a single mRNA
Operon
Short DNA region, adjacent to the promoter of a prokaryotic operon, that binds repressor proteins, responsible for controlling the rate of transcription of the operon
Operator
Process in which cells becomes specialized in structure and function
Differentiation
Class of regulatory genes that determine the identity of body parts and regions in an animal embryo. Mutations in these genes can transform one body part into another.
Homeotic gene
genes that code for transcription factors that activate other genes that are important and cell development and differentiation
homeobox gene
Group of homeotic genes clustered together that determine the head to tail identity of body parts and animals. All genes contain the homeobox DNA sequence.
hox gene
Change in the genetic material of a cell
mutation
Gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed
Point mutation
Mutation that shifts the reading frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
Frameshift mutation
Chemical or physical gene agents in the environment that interact with DNA and may cause a mutation
mutagen
Condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes
polyploidy
