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My Packs: (WIZEPREP) (BIOCHEM 2280) > Chapter 11: 11.1 ATP Synthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 11: 11.1 ATP Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

List:

Electron Carriers (Donors)

A
  1. NADH
  2. FADH2
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2
Q

Describe:

NADH

A

Donates 2 electrons to complex I of the electron transport chain (ETC)

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3
Q

Describe:

FADH2

A

Donates 2 electrons to complex II of the ETC

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4
Q

List:

Electron Carriers (Prosthetic Groups)

A
  • FMN
  • Iron-Sulfur Clusters
  • Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone)
  • Cytochromes
  • Copper Ions
  • Oxygen
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5
Q

Describe:

FMN

A

Found in complex I of the ETC
* Accepts 2 electrons

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6
Q

Describes:

Iron-Sulfur Clusters

A

Found in Complexes I, II, and III
* Accepts 1 electron

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7
Q

Describes:

Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone)

A

Shuttles electrons from complexes I & II to Complex III
* Accepts 2 electrons

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8
Q

Describe:

Cytochromes

A

Heme-containing proteins (possess protoporphyrin IX moiety)
* Can accept 1 electron

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9
Q

What are the different cytochromes?

A
  • Cytochrome a - Complex IV
  • Cytochrome b - Complex III
  • Cytochrome c - Complex III
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10
Q

Describe:

Copper Ions

A

Protein bound in complex IV
* Can accept 2 electrons

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11
Q

Describe:

Oxygen

A

The final electron acceptor (from complex IV)
* One O2 accepts 4 electrons from 4 cytochrome c proteins

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12
Q

Which prosthetic groups carry 1 electron?

A
  • Iron-Sulfur Clusters
  • Cytochromes
  • Copper Ions
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13
Q

Which prosthetic groups carry 2 electrons?

A
  • NADH
  • FADH2
  • FMN
  • Coenzyme Q
  • O2
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14
Q

What is the Electron Transport Chain?

A

Electrons are passed through a series of carriers found in four complexes

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15
Q

How do electrons move along the complexes in the ETC?

A

Electrons move favourably along the complexes based on Standard Reduction Potential (E’0)

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16
Q

What do E’0 values outline?

A

Outlines the tendency of a molecule to either be reduced or oxidized

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17
Q
  1. What does a negative E’0 value indicate?
  2. What does a positive E’0 value indicate?
A
  1. Indicates a good reducing agent (donates electrons)
  2. Indicates a good oxidizing agent (accepts electrons)
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18
Q

State:

The equation for ΔG’^0

A

ΔG’^0 = -nFΔE’

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19
Q

One NADH donor pumps – – across the membrane

A

10 H+

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20
Q

One FADH2 donor pumps - – across the membrane

A

6 H+

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21
Q

What do Electron Transport Chain Inhibitors do?

A

Block electron flow

22
Q

State electron transport chain inhibitors for:

Complex I

A
  • Rotenone
  • Amytal
23
Q

What do the electron transport chain inhibitors in Complex I do?

A

Inhibit the flow of electrons from the iron sulfur cluster in complex I to Coenzyme Q

24
Q

State electron transport chain inhibitors for:

Complex III

A

Antimycin A

25
Q

State electron transport chain inhibitors for:

Complex IV

A
  • Cyanide
  • Azide
  • CO
26
Q

State:

  1. How uncouplers work in the Electron Transport Chain
  2. Examples of uncouplers in the ETC
A

Disrupt the H+ gradient
* 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP)
* Carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP)
* Salicylate

27
Q

How does ATP synthesis work?

A

The proton pumped into the intermembrane space by the ETC then moves with their concentration gradient through ATP synthase to generate ATP

28
Q

What two regions does ATP synthase comprise of?

A

F1 and F0

29
Q

Describe:

Function of F0 unit of ATP Synthase

A

Anchors the enzyme to the inner mitochondrial membrane
* H+ first passes through this unit

30
Q

Describe:

Function of F1 unit in ATP Synthase

A

Peripheral part located in the mitochondrial matrix that performs the synthesis of ATP

31
Q

Describe:

The structure of the F1 subunit of ATP Synthase

A

Alpha and Beta subunits form a cylindrical shape
* Conformational changes in the beta subunit drive ATP production

32
Q

How many beta subunits are there in F1?

A

3

33
Q

What stages do the beta-subunits of F1 rotate through?

A
  • Open (empty)
  • Loose (ADP + Pi)
  • Tight (ATP)
34
Q

What drives the rotation of beta subunits through their stages?

A

The flow of H+

35
Q

How many H+ is required for ATP?

A

4 H+ needed per ATP
* 3 for synthesis
* 1 for export via ATP-ADP translocase

36
Q

What does P/O Ratios stand for?

A

Phosphate/Oxygen Ratio

37
Q

What is the P/O Ratio for NADH?

A

2.5

38
Q

What is the P/O Ratio for FADH2?

A

1.5

39
Q

What is the P.O ratio of Cytosol derived NADH?

A

1.5

40
Q

What does cytosol derived NADH have a P/O Ratio of 1.5?

A

It cannot cross the inner mitochondrial membrane so it is converted to FADH2 via the glycerophosphate shuttle

41
Q

State:

  1. The process that the reaction belongs to
  2. ATP/coenzyme produced
  3. Final NET ATP gain/loss

For: Glucose to Glucose-6-Phosphate

A
  1. Glycolysis reactions
  2. -1 ATP
  3. -1
42
Q

State:

  1. The process that the reaction belongs to
  2. ATP/coenzyme produced
  3. Final NET ATP gain/loss

For: Fructose-6-Phosphate to Fructose-1,6-Biphosphate

A
  1. Glycolysis reactions
  2. -1 ATP
  3. -1
43
Q

State:

  1. The process that the reaction belongs to
  2. ATP/coenzyme produced
  3. Final NET ATP gain/loss

For: 2 Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate to 2 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate

A
  1. Glycolysis reactions
  2. 2 NADH
  3. 3 or 5

(Cytosolic NADH only produce 3 ATP)

44
Q

State:

  1. The process that the reaction belongs to
  2. ATP/coenzyme produced
  3. Final NET ATP gain/loss

For: 2 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate to 2 3-Phosphoglycerate

A
  1. Glycolysis reactions
  2. 2 ATP
  3. 2
45
Q

State:

  1. The process that the reaction belongs to
  2. ATP/coenzyme produced
  3. Final NET ATP gain/loss

For: 2 Phosphoenolpyruvate to 2 Pyruvate

A
  1. Glycolysis reactions
  2. 2 ATP
  3. 2
46
Q

State:

  1. The process that the reaction belongs to
  2. ATP/coenzyme produced
  3. Final NET ATP gain/loss

For: 2 Pyruvate to 2 Acetyl-CoA

A
  1. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
  2. 2 NADH
  3. 5
47
Q

State:

  1. The process that the reaction belongs to
  2. ATP/coenzyme produced
  3. Final NET ATP gain/loss

For: 2 Isocitrate to 2 α-Ketoglutarate

A
  1. Citric Acid Cycle reactions
  2. 2 NADH
  3. 5
48
Q

State:

  1. The process that the reaction belongs to
  2. ATP/coenzyme produced
  3. Final NET ATP gain/loss

For: 2 α-Ketoglutarate to 2 Succinyl-CoA

A
  1. Citric Acid Cycle reactions
  2. 2 NADH
  3. 5
49
Q

State:

  1. The process that the reaction belongs to
  2. ATP/coenzyme produced
  3. Final NET ATP gain/loss

For: 2 Succinyl-CoA to 2 Succinate

A
  1. Citric Acid Cycle reactions
  2. 2 ATP/GTP
  3. 2
50
Q

State:

  1. The process that the reaction belongs to
  2. ATP/coenzyme produced
  3. Final NET ATP gain/loss

For: 2 Succinate to 2 Fumarate

A
  1. Citric Acid Cycle reactions
  2. 2 FADH2
  3. 3
51
Q

State:

  1. The process that the reaction belongs to
  2. ATP/coenzyme produced
  3. Final NET ATP gain/loss

For: 2 Malate to 2 Oxaloacetate

A
  1. Citric Acid Cycle reactions
  2. 2 NADH
  3. 5
52
Q

After going through glycolysis, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, and Citric Acid Cycle, how many ATP are produced in total?

A

30-32

My Packs: (WIZEPREP) (BIOCHEM 2280) (32 decks)

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