Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A-Level Chemistry > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do all organic compounds have in common?

A

They all contain the element carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

Chemistry of compounds derived from living systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are organic materials produced?

A

Through fractions of cruse oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is carbon so special?

A

Group 14 - 6 atomic number (4 electrons in outer shell) and therefore can form up to 4 covalent bonds - single, double or triple and can bond to other carbons to create long chains and can bond to other atoms such as oxygen, nitrogen and halogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

Compound containing only hydrogen and carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are saturated hydrocarbons?

A

Has single covalent bonds between the carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

Contains carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds (covalent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

Family of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by the addition of a -CH2- group (SAME FUNCTIONAL GROUP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Alkanes

A

Single carbon to carbon bonds (CnH2n+2) ; methane CH4 + CH2 (ethane C2H6) + CH2 (propane C3H8)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bond angle around carbon in alkane

A

Tetrahedral 109.5 degrees (no lone pairs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a functional group?

A

Part of the organic molecule that is largely responsible for the molecule’s chemical properties - carbon can bond to other elements (nitrogen, halogens, oxygen etc) that forms other functional groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Amine functional group

A

NH2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Alcohol functional group

A

OH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

IUPAC

A

Organisation who recognised need for standardisation of the names of compounds - allows chemists across the globe to communicate clearly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Aliphatic hydrocarbons

A

CARBON ATOMS are joined to each other in unbranched (straight) or branched or non-aromatic rings (THIS IS REFERRED AS ALICYCLIC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Alicyclic hydrocarbons

A

CARBON ATOMS joined together in ring structure with or without branches - TYPE OF ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Aromatic hydrocarbons

A

SOME/ALL OF CARBON ATOMS found in a benzene ring - special class (all other rings are aliphatic and alicyclic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

3 homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons

A

Alkanes (single C-C bond)
Alkenes (C=C bond)
Alkynes (at least 1 triple C C bond)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Stem, prefix and suffix

A

Stem - longest continuous chain in molecule
Prefix - added before chain (presence of side chain)
Suffix - indicates functional group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How to name an aliphatic alkane?

A

Suffix = “ane”
Identify parent chain (longest chain)
Identify any side chains - alkyl groups have one hydrogen atom removed from the parent chain - THIS IS PREFIX
Add numbers before alkyl group to indicate position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When two or more side chains are added…

A

di- (2)
tri- (3)
tetra- (4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What if there are two or more possible chains of same length?

A

CHAIN WITH MOST BRANCHES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How to order numbers?

A

Position - alkyl group
Use comma to separate numbers
Alkyl groups are ordered alphabetically (ethyl before methyl)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How to name alicyclic alkanes?

A

Same as aliphatic alkanes but prefix cyclo- in front of stem is used to show that carbons are arranged in a ring structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Difference between naming alkenes and alkanes?

A

Suffix is ene and position of C=C bond in the chain MUST BE STATED FOR ALKENES THAT HAVE 4 OR MORE CARBON ATOMS IN LONGEST CHAIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How to name alkenes?

A

Identify the suffix (ene)
Look at stem parent chain
Look at where double bond is between - lowest number is used
Combine stem+position+suffix for final hydrocarbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What if there are two groups coming off one carbon in parent chain?

A

The Carbon is by itself

If there was one group it would be CH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How to write structural formula of 3-methylhex-2-ene?

A

MAKE SURE THAT DOUBLE BOND IS CONNECTED TO CH NOT CH2 (ALWAYS CHECK IF CARBON HAS A VALENCY OF 4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How to number alkyl groups on alicyclic compounds?

A

Lowest numbers - start from the double bond if alkene (give that the lowest number)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Does the “di/tri” part take part in alphabetical ordering?

A

NO ONLY THE ACTUAL GROUPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Alkene functional group

A

C=C (suffix is ene)

32
Q

Alcohol functional group

A

-OH (hydroxyl prefix and -ol suffix)

33
Q

Haloalkane functional group

A

-cl, -br, -I (chloro/bromo/iodo prefixes)

34
Q

Aldehyde functional group

A

H-C=O (CHO - suffix is “al”)

35
Q

Ketone functional group

A

-C(C=O)C-
O attached to C double bond with 2 single carbon bonds to central C
Ends in one

36
Q

Carboxylic acid functional group

A

-COOH (ending in oic acid)

37
Q

Ester

A

-COOC-
Central C atom double bond with O and single bond with O attached to C
Ends in “oate”

38
Q

Acyl chloride

A

COCl
Central C double bond to O and single bond to Cl
Ends in oyl chloride

39
Q

Amine functional group

A

NH2 ends in amine and starts with amino

40
Q

Nitrile functional group

A

CN - ends in nitrile

41
Q

How do we number functional group?

A

Butan-2-ol for example (where OH is on second carbon)

42
Q

Aldehydes

A

DO NOT NEED NUMBERS TO SHOW POSITION OF CARBONYL (H-C=O) GROUP
THE CARBON ON ALDEHYDE IS AUTOMATICALLY NUMBERED AS 1

43
Q

Displayed formulae

A

Every atom and bond shown to give a clear picture of how atoms are bonded

44
Q

Molecular formula

A

Shows the number and type of each element present in a molecule - DOES NOT SHOW HOW ATOMS ARE JOINED TOGETHER ; different molecules can have the same molecular formula
Ethanol molecular formula = C2H6O

45
Q

Empirical formula

A

Simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound
Alkenes (CH2)
Glucose empirical formula is CH2O

46
Q

What is the general formula?

A

Simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series ; can be used to GENERATE THE MOLECULAR FORMULA

47
Q

General formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

48
Q

General formula for alcohols

A

CnH2n+1OH

49
Q

General formula of carboxylic acids

A

CnH2nO2

50
Q

Ketone general formula

A

CnH2nO (Look at propanone)

51
Q

Difference between general and molecular formula for alcohols?

A

GENERAL FORMULA IS CnH2n+1OH BUT MOLECULAR FORMULA IS CnH2n+2O

52
Q

Carboxylic acid numbering

A

Always numbered 1 like with aldehydes

53
Q

Displayed formula

A

Shows relative position of all atoms and bonds between them

54
Q

Structural formula

A

Uses smallest amount of detail necessary to show arrangement of atoms in a molecule - shows clearly which groups are bonded together

55
Q

Butane structural formula

A

CH3(CH2)2CH3

56
Q

Molecules can have same molecular formula but…

A

Different structural formula

57
Q

What detail do you remove in a skeletal formula?

A

All of the carbon and hydrogen labels and any bonds to hydrogen atoms

58
Q

What does end of line in a skeletal formula represent?

A

CH3 group

59
Q

How to represent alicyclic and aromatic compounds?

A

Draw shape and add any carbons in for alkene - benzene can be represented as ALTERNATING DOUBLE BONDS (AROMATIC) or with a circle within hexagon

60
Q

Are functional groups included in skeletal formula?

A

YES THEY MUST BE SHOWN

61
Q

Benzene formula

A

C6H6

62
Q

Isomers

A

Different compounds with the same molecular formula

63
Q

Structural isomers

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

64
Q

C4H10 isomers

A

Butane and 2-methylpropane ; the molecular formula does not unambiguously identify the STRUCTURE

65
Q

How are different isomers with functional groups arranged?

A

The functional group may be at different positions along the carbon chain

66
Q

Isomers with different functional groups?

A

Sometimes two molecules containing different functional groups have the same molecular formula ; aldehydes and ketones (C3H6O)

67
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Shared pair of electrons between two atoms - when chemical reaction occurs then bonds in the reactants break and new bonds form in the products ; can be broken through homolytic or heterolytic fission

68
Q

Homolytic Fission

A

Each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond - each atom now has a single unpaired electron and this atom/group of atoms is called a radical

69
Q

Heterolytic fission

A

One of the bonded atom takes both of the electrons from the bond (this atom becomes a negative ion) and the atom that does not take electrons becomes a positive ion ; DEPENDENT ON WHICH IS MORE ELECTRONEGATIVE (δ- becomes the negative ion)

70
Q

Reaction mechanisms

A

They show how the reaction takes place

71
Q

Curly arrows

A

MOVEMENT OF ELECTROJ PAIRS - HETEROLYTIC

72
Q

Fish hook arrow

A

MOVEMENT OF SINGLE ELECTRONS - HOMOLYTIC FISSION

73
Q

Addition reaction

A

2 reactants join to form one product ; double bond is broken to form a single saturated compound

74
Q

Substitution reactions

A

Atom or group of atoms is simply replaced by another group of atoms

75
Q

Elimination reaction

A

1 reactant to 2 products
Often double bond I’d formed
Removal of a small molecule from a larger one

76
Q

WHAT TO REMEMBER ABOUT RADICALS

A

Always PUT THEM ON ATOM WITH THE UNPAIRED ELECTRON

A-Level Chemistry (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions