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A-Level Chemistry > 13 - Alkenes > Flashcards

13 - Alkenes Flashcards

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1
Q

Structure of alkenes

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least 1 C=C bond - aliphatic alkenes have a formula of CnH2n

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2
Q

Do cyclic alkenes obey general formula?

A

No - but branched ones do ; draw out cyclic alkenes to see how many carbon and hydrogen atoms

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3
Q

Nature of double bond in alkenes

A

Alkenes have 4 electrons in outer shell - carbon in double bond has 3/4 forming sigma binds but 1 electron on each atom in double bond forms a pi bond is formed

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4
Q

How is a pi bond formed?

A

Through sideways overlap of 2 p orbitals ; pi electron density is concentrated above and below the line joining the nuclei of the bonding atoms - sigma bond is the actual line between the two carbon atoms while pi bond above and below it

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5
Q

What does pi bond do?

A

Locks the two carbons in place and stops them from moving around the double bond making it different from ALKANES (where rotation is possible)

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6
Q

What is the angle around a carbon in C=C bond in alkenes?

A

There are 3 regions of electron density around each carbon atom which repel each other as far apart as possible so the bond angle around each carbon atom is 120 degrees - TRIGONAL PLANAR

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7
Q

Draw but-2-en-1-ol

A

Remember OH takes priority over double bond

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8
Q

What is stereoisomerism?

A

Same structural formula but a different arrangement of the atoms in space

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9
Q

E/Z isomerism?

A

Type of stereoisomerism that only occurs in compounds with a C=C bond

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10
Q

Why does stereoisomerism arise?

A

Because rotation about the double bond (pi + sigma) is restricted and the groups attached to each carbon are fixed relative to each other

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11
Q

Why is the double bond rigid?

A

Because of the pi bonds electron density above and below the sigma plane (p orbitals overlap above and below with more electrons than s or p in sigma)

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12
Q

What conditions must a molecule satisfy for E/Z isomerism?

A

1) A C=C BOND

2) DIFFERENT GROUPS ATTACHED TO EACH CARBON ATOM OF THE DOUBLE BOND

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13
Q

Why does but-1-ene not display stereoisomerism but but-2-ene does?

A

In but-1-ene the carbon atom is attached to two Hydrogen atoms which means that it does not satisfy the second condition of there having to be a different group on each carbon ; but-2-ene has a methylene group and a hydrogen atom on each of the carbon atoms so it has E/Z isomerism

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14
Q

What is cis trans isomerism?

A

A special case of E/Z isomerism where the molecules must have a C=C bond and each carbon must be attached to two different groups (like all E/Z isomer)s BUT in CIS TRANS ONE OF THE ATTACHED GROUP ON EACH CARBON ATOM OF THE DOUBLE BOND MUST BE THE SAME

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15
Q

Cis isomer?

A

Has the hydrogen atoms and methyl groups on each carbon on the same side of the molecule

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16
Q

Trans isomer

A

Has hydrogen atoms and methyl group diagonally opposite

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17
Q

Is cis Z or E?

A

Z

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18
Q

Is trans Z or E?

A

E

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19
Q

When can cis trans only be used?

A

When each carbon atom in double bond is attached to a single hydrogen atom

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20
Q

Cahn Ingold Prelog rules?

A

Given priority based upon atomic number

1) If groups of higher priority on same side of double bond then it is Z
2) If groups of higher priority are diagonally placed then it is E

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21
Q

How to compare higher priority?

A

Look at each carbon of the double bond carefully and compare BETWEEN THE ATOMS/GROUPS ATTACHED TO THE CARBON ATOM ITSELF

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22
Q

For single atoms bonded to each carbon atom how do we judge priority?

A

Higher priority = higher atomic number

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23
Q

What if the two atoms attached to the carbon are the same?

A

Then find the first point of difference WHICHEVER HAS HIGHER ATOMIC NUMBER THEN THIS IS GIVEN HIGHER PRIORITY

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24
Q

Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes?

A

Due to the presence of the double bond which contains both the pi and sigma bond - pi bond has its electron density concentrated above and below sigma plane therefore they’re are more exposed and can thus break more readily (leaving sigma bond intact)

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25
Q

4 addition reactions of Alkenes

A 
Hydrogen (nickel catalyst)
Halogens
Hydrogen halides
Steam (acid catalyst)
Each involves addition of small molecule across double bond causing pi bond to break and new ones to form
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26
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

Two molecules react to form one saturated product

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27
Q

Hydrogenation of alkenes

A

Alkene + hydrogen + nickel catalyst + 423K
Addition reaction forming an alkane - double bond breaks and both H atoms are bonded on
NUMBER OF C=C BONDS = NUMBER OF H2 MOLECULES ; ALL C=C BONDS BREAK TO BECOME SATURATED

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28
Q

Halogenation of alkenes

A

Alkenes undergo a rapid addition reaction with the halogens Cl2 and Br2 at RTP ; similar to Hydrogenation resulting in haloalkane

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29
Q

Test for unsaturation

A

Alkene + bromine can be sued to test for presence of C=C bond - ORANGE BROMINE is added to alkene ; Orange colour becomes colourless if double bond is present. If test is carried out with a saturated compound then there is no addition reaction and no colour change

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30
Q

Alkenes + hydrogen halides

A

Alkenes + gaseous Hydrogen Halides at RTP to form halo alkanes ; hydrogen halide is always a gas therefore if alkene is liquid then hydrogen halide bubbled through it/with HCl.
UNSYMMETRICAL ALKENES WITH HYDROGEN HALIDE (ALSO UNSYMMETRICAL) PRODUCES 2 POSSIBLE PRODUCTS

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31
Q

Hydration reaction of alkenes

A

This forms alcohols - reaction takes place in presence of acid (Phosphoric/sulfuric) catalyst - addition of one OH and one H atom onto the 2 carbon in C=C bond ; 2 POSSIBLE PRODUCTS FORMED DUE TO UNSYMMETRICAL SHAPE

32
Q

Mechanism for addition reactions of alkenes

A

Electrophilic addition - forms saturated compounds

33
Q

What attracts electrophiles?

A

The high electron density of the pi bond - above and below the sigma plane ; this attracts “electron pair acceptors”

34
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

Atom or group of atoms that is attracted to an electron rich centre and accepts an electron pair - usually a posited ion or molecule containing a partial positive charge (dipole)

35
Q

Draw Reaction mechanism between but-2-end and HBr

A

DRAWN (check pg 211)

36
Q

Describe stages of Hydrogen Halide addition

A

Dipoles form due to difference in electronegativity on the Hydrogen Halide
Electron pair in pi bond is attracted to the partial positive end - causing double bond to break and both electrons to form a dative bond with Hydrogen
Heterocyclic fission of hydrogen halide means that the halogen is now negatively charged and attracted to positive carbon (one that is not bonded to H)
Halogen ion reacts with carbonation to form final plrduct

37
Q

What is a carbocation?

A

Compound that contains a positively charged carbon atom

38
Q

Can alkenes react with non-polar molecules too?

A

Yes - such as Br2, by the same method of electrophilic addition ; SINGLE PRODUCT CREATED BECAUSE BR2 IS SYMMETRICAL

39
Q

Draw mechanism between propene and Bromine

A

DRAWN (check pg 212)

40
Q

Describe mechanism of addition of halogen

A

Interaction between pi electrons and electrons in Halogen-Halogen diatomic bond causes polarisation of bond (induced dipoles)
Electron pair attracted to partially positive halogen atom ; form dative bond between carbon atom and halogen
Halogen bond geeks through heterocyclic fission with the other halogen atom becoming negatively charged - dative bond between that and carbonation

41
Q

What is the term for the most common product created?

A

Major product

42
Q

What do carbocations have?

A

A positive charge on a carbon atom

43
Q

Markownikoff’s Rule

A

When a Hydrogen Halide reacts with an unsymmetrical alkene - HYDROGEN of hydrogen halide attaches itself to the carbon atom of the alkene with the greater numbers of hydrogen atoms/smaller number of carbon atoms

44
Q

How does Markownikoff’s rule relate to electrophilic addition?

A

1) Carbocation formed - can be primary, secondary or tertiary ; in primary then positive carbon attached to single carbon, secondary then positive carbon attached to two carbons and tertiary = 3 carbons
2) THEREFORE SECONDARY PRODUCED IN A HIGHER YIELD COMPARED TO PRIMARY BECAUSE HYDROGEN ALREADY ATTACHED TO CARBON WITH THE GREATER NUMBER OF HYDROGEN ATOMS

45
Q

What does the different yield of the two possible isomers produced depend on?

A

The stability of the intermediate carbocations formed

46
Q

How are carbocations classified?

A

Number of alkyl groups attached to the positive carbon atom

47
Q

Which carbocations are most/least stable?

A

Tertiary are most stable and primary are least stable

48
Q

Reasoning behind carbocation stability?

A

Linked to electron-donating ability of alkyl groups - each group donates and pushes electrons towards positive charge of carbonation ; POSITIVE CHARGE SPREAD OVER ALKYL GROUPS THEREFORE MORE ALKYL GROUPS = MORE STABILITY

49
Q

How does major and minor product link to carbocation stability?

A

Major product is always formed from the most stable carbocation available

50
Q

Common addition polymers

A

Poly(vinylchloride) - PVC

51
Q

What are polymers?

A

Large molecules formed from many thousands of repeat units of smaller molecules known as monomers

52
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

Unsaturated alkene molecules undergo addition polymerisation to produce long saturated chains containing no double bonds

53
Q

How does industrial polymerisation work?

A

High temperature and high pressure using catalysts - energy intensive

54
Q

Properties of polymers?

A

Each polymer has its own specific properties depending on the monomer used - addition polymers have high molecular masses and synthetic polymers are just the monomers prefixed by “poly”

55
Q

General equation for Addition Polymerisation

A 
Monomer unit (alkene)
Repeat unit of polymer - saturated with brackets on outside and “n” on outside
56
Q

Repeat unit?

A

Specific arrangement of atoms in the polymer molecule that repeats over and over again (BRACKETS)

57
Q

Poly(ethene)

A

Made by heating many ethene monomers at high pressure and temperature - ADDITION POLYMERISATION

58
Q

Poly(chloroethene)

A

PVC can be prepared to make a polymer that is flexible or rigid

59
Q

Addition polymerisation of chloroethene

A

C=C(H3Cl) ; brackets around them, now saturated and “n” on outside

60
Q

Uses of PVC

A

Pipes, ducts, films and sheeting

61
Q

Things to note about addition polymerisation

A

REPEAT UNITS ONLY CONTAIN 2 MAIN CARBON ATOMS (SATURATED)
Draw cyclic ring attached if needed
Brackets on outside with “n”

62
Q

Identifying monomers from polymers

A

Identify repeating unit and monomer can be seen by changing single bond to double bond - LOOK AT WHERE IT REPEATS AND THEN IDENTIFY MONOMER

63
Q

Positives of polymers?

A

Lack of reactivity that makes them suitable for storing food and chemicals safety BUT downside is that they are mainly non-biodegradable ; can cause environmental effects like killing marine life

64
Q

Positive of polymers

A

Readily available, cheap to purchase and more convenient for our throwaway society than the alternatives

65
Q

Recycling polymers?

A

Reduces environmental impact by conserving fossil fuels + decreasing amount of waste going to landfill - recycling process if undermined if polymers are mixed therefore they have to be sorted and once they are cut into pellets, they can be used by manufacturers to make new products

66
Q

Downside of PVC recycling?

A

Hazardous due to high chlorine content and range of additives in polymer
Dumping PVC is not sustainable as when burnt it released HCl which is a corrosive gas

67
Q

Old and modern PVC recycling?

A

Old - grinding into pellets and reusing it to manufacture new products
Modern - solvents dissolve polymer and then PVC recovered by precipitation from solvent (which can be used again)

68
Q

Waste polymers?

A

Some are derived from petrol therefore high stored energy values - waste polymers can be incinerated to produce heat/generate steam to drive turbine for electricity

69
Q

Feedstock recycling?

A

Reclaim monomers, gases or oil from waste polymers (same found in crude oil refineries) - these can then be used as raw materials for the production of new polymers

70
Q

Advantage of feedstock recycling?

A

Can handle unsourced and unwashed polymers

71
Q

What are bio plastics?

A

Produced from plant starch, cellulose and proteins to offer a renewable approach to oil based products - it helps conserve valuable oil reserves

72
Q

Biodegradable polymers

A

Broken down by microorganisms into water, CO2 and biological compounds - polymers contain additives that alter the structure so that microorganisms can break them down

73
Q

Compostable polymers?

A

They degrade and leave no visible residues

74
Q

Future of polymers?

A

As technology advances, bioplastics are likely to be more extensively used in packaging

75
Q

Photodegradable polymers

A

These polymers contain bond that are weakened by absorbing light to stop the degradation - light absorbing additives can too be used

A-Level Chemistry (28 decks)

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