Chapter 10: The Byzantine Empire and Russia Flashcards
When was the Roman Empire Divided?
395 AD
What was the eastern half of the Roman Empire known as?
The Byzantine Empire
What made up the Byzantine Empire?
Most of the Balkan Peninsula, Syria, Asia Minor, and Egypt over through Carthage and up through Italy and Spain
What was the capital of Rome under Constantine?
Constantinople
What was the capital of the Byzantine Empire?
Constantinople
Why was Constantinople a strategic city? (Four Reasons)
- Protected the Eastern Frontier of the Roman Empire
- Was distant from Germanic invasion in the Western Empire
- Was a crossroad of trade (Bosphorus Strait)
- It fortified the peninsula bordering a natural harbor
What was Constantinople named after?
The Roman emperor Constantine
What was Constantinople originally called?
Byzantium
What was known as the “New Rome”?
Constantinople
What language did the Byzantines speak?
Greek
What was the religion of Byzantines?
Eastern Orthodoxy, as opposed to Catholicism
Who conquered the byzantine empire in 1453 AD?
The Ottoman Turks
What was the role of Constantinople?
It preserved Greek and Roman cultures.
How many years did Constantinople go without foreign invasion?
1058
Who was Justinian?
The greatest ruler of the Byzantine empire. He was a son of peasants, but his emphasis on education earned him an invasions to court. He became emperor in 527 AD, and is known as the emperor who never sleeps.
What are the 3 significant accomplishments of Justinian?
- he expanded trade, improving wealth of Byzantines
- reconquered former roman territories from the Germanic tribes
- codified (classified) roman laws
Who was Justinian’s wife?
Theodora
What did Theodora originally do?
She was an actor.
How did Theodora affect Justinian’s rule?
She suggested laws that were passes, including the right to own land equal value of what you brought into the marriage, and she convinced him to stay and fight when he was faced with nika rebellion.
Who was the general of the Byzantine troops?
Belisarius
Who wanted to recreate the fallen Roman empire?
Justinian
Between 333- 335 ____ and _____ defeated the Ostrogoth in _____, vandals in ____ _____, and the Visigoths in _____
Justinian, Belisarius, Italy, north america, spain
What was the cost of conquering the territory?
Exhaust of most of Byzantines treasury and resources
What is the Code of Justinian?
It was important because Justinian wad the first ruler to acknowledge that people should be ruled by laws, not just the decisions of their rulers.
What inspired Byzantine arts?
Christianity and imperial power
Who ordered the construction of new roads and fortresses?
Justinian
What is the Hagia Sophia?
The largest and most beautiful church of the Byzantine empire
What religion was the Hagia Sophia?
It was an orthodox church, but is now a Muslim mosque.
What are laity?
Church members
What were clergy?
Church officials
What was the dispute in 700 AD over?
The use of icons
What were the 2 sides of the icon disputes?
iconoclasts- against icons, saying ten commandments prohibited images of God
iconophiles- for icons, said that they where symbols of God’s presence
What was the most serious controversy of eastern and western churches?
Source of Religious Authority
What is a schism?
A seperation
When did the schism of the churches occur?
1054 AD
What was the Eastern Church?
Orthodox
What was the western church?
Roman Catholic
Where was the Eastern Church centered?
Constantinople
Did the Eastern church recognize the Pope?
NO!
Where was the Western Church centered?
Rome
What language did the Western Church use?
Latin
What was the Golden Horn?
Constantinople
Why was Constantinople called the Golden Horn?
Because of it’s wealth and prosperity
What were some tradings of Constantinople?
- Silk, Metal, and Spices from Asia
- Slaves from North America
- Fur and agricultural goods from Europe
What is Constantinople currently called, and who changed the name?
Istanbul, Muslim
What are the two main characteristics of Byzantine arts?
pointy feet and almond shaped eyes
What is an icon?
Images reflecting religious subjects
What are mosaics?
Pictures made up of colored glass or flat stone set in plaster
What are Illuminated Manuscripts?
these books were decorated with elaborate design, fancy letters, and miniature paintings created by Monks
What’s a Monastery?
a religious community for Monks/ nuns to live in seclusion
What are Monks?
the inhabitants of the monasteries who sought to live apart from temptations of the world.
Who are Crylic and Methodius?
brothers who were very successful missionaries who reasoned the Christianity would be more appealing to the Salvic people
What caused the fall of Constantinople?
The Byzantine Empire was severely weakened after these prolonged wars. By the 1300s, all Byzantine territory except for the city of constantinople had fallen to the Ottoman Turks, and in 1453 AD they besieged Constantinople and afleter the emperors death, the Empire fell.
What city became the Orthodox Church after the Fall of Constantinople
The city of Moscow, Russia
who were the 1st people to settle in Eastern Europe?
The slavs
Where did the Slave live and get their culture?
- On the steppe of eastern Europe
- Between the Carpathian mountains in Europe and the Ural mountains at the western edge of Asia
- Based of Byzantine religion, law, and culture
What is a Steppe?
A large, grassy plain that is mostly treeless
Where do we get the name “Russia”?
The viking leader Rurik called the region under his control the Rus
What Goods Were Traded Between Russia And The Byzantines?
- Wood, Iron, Salt, Furs, Honey, and Slaves to the Byzantines
- Russia received wine, silk, spices and fruit.
What was the government of Russia?
The local governments were ruled by the princes wit advice of the council of Boyars (landed nobles and wealthy merchants)
What was Vladimir and the Legend of Christianity?
- According to legend, Vladimir sent observers to examine Judaism, Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Islam
- In awe if Constantinople’s Byzantine Orthodox service, the agents reported back to the prince and Vladimir ordered is people christened immediately, using force if necessary, and adopted Orthodox Christianity.
Who was Yaroslav
He was Vladimir’s son and he became grand Prince in 1019. He ruled during a Golden Age. He established libraries and promoted learning
He organized Pravda Russia (the Kievan legal system) based on Justinian’s Code.
What was the climate like on the tiga?
It has cold long winters, and short growing seasons
What is the Mongol rule?
- The Mongols defeated the armies of the Russian princes and conquered most of the country
- After conquering the countryside, the Mongols taxed the people instead of imposing their own culture
What was the Impact of the Mongol rule?
Mongol rule isolated most of the Eastern Slaves from European civilization for ~200 years.
What is the battle of Kulikovo?
Moscow defeated the Mongols in 1830
What ended the “Golden Yolk” of the Mongols?
In 1840, Ivan the Great (Ivan III) refused to pay the Mongols
What is the Kremlin?
Center of government and culture in Russia
What was called the “Third Rome”?
Moscow
Who became the protector of the Eastern Orthodox Church?
Ivan III
What were the three accomplishments of Ivan IV? (Ivan the terrible)
- Developed a more modernized legal code for Russia
- Reopened trade with Western Europe
- Expanded boundaries of Russia to include old Kievan Russia and Siberia
How old was Ivan IV (Ivan the terrible) when he inherited the thrown?
3, but he wasn’t crowned Czar at 16
Why was Ivan the terrible so terrible?
He ordered many citizens to be killed
