Chapter 10 Test Flashcards
What does the word kinetic refer to?
Motion
What is the Kinetic Theory?
states that the tiny particles in all forms of matter are in constant motion.
What is an elastic collision?
an encounter between two bodies in which the total kinetic energy of the two bodies after the encounter is equal to their total kinetic energy before the collision.
What happens to the Kinetic energy and momentum of gas particles during elastic collisions?
Both are conserved.
What are gas collisions called?
elastic collisions
What are basic assumptions of the Kinetic theory applying to gases?
The particles of a gas have insignificant volume, are far apart from one another and there are no attractive or repulsive forces between the particles
The particles move rapidly, randomly and very fast in constant straight-line motion independent of one another.
What will happen to gases after it goes through the Kinetic theory?
As a result, gases will fill any container (occupy the volume of a container.
What is the equation for pressure?
Force/area
What is gas pressure?
the force exerted by a gas per unit surface area of an object.
What is it called when no particles of matter are present?
A vacuum
Can there be gaseous collisions in a vacuum?
No
What is Air Pressure by Altitude?
gravity pulls down air closer to the ground, so there is less air the higher you go. The higher the elevation, the less air and less pressure.
What is a manometer?
instrument used to measure air pressure
What is a barometer?
type of manometer, instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure
What is Atmospheric pressure?
Air exerts pressure on the Earth because gravity holds our air molecules in the atmosphere. It is also the force of the collisions between air particles and the earth.
What is the relationship between atmospheric pressure and elevation?
Atmospheric pressure changes with elevation because gravity holds the air molecules closer to the earth. As elevation increases, air pressure decreases. Elevation and air pressure are inversely proportional.
What are some units of pressure?
Atmospheres
Kilopascals
mm Hg
pounds/in^2
What is the SI unit for pressure?
Pascal
What is the abbreviation for atmospheres?
atm
What is the abbreviation for kilopascal?
KPa
What is mm Hg?
the amount of air pressure needed to support of column of Hg 1mm in height.
What is the abbreviation for pounds/in^2?
PSI
What is standard pressure?
the air pressure at sea level.
What are the measurements for standard pressure?
1atm = 760 mm Hg = 101.3 kPa
What is standard temperature and pressure (STP)?
specific conditions where many experiments are performed
What is the standard temp in STP?
0 C
How do you convert units of pressure?
Dimensional analysis
What factors affect Gas Pressure?
- # of particles:
- temperature
- volume
What are fluids?
Anything that flows
What states of matter are fluids?
liquids and gases
What are the three main characteristics of fluids?
- Fluids flow from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure
- Fluids exert pressure equally in all directions.
- Fast moving air (fluids) creates an area of low pressure: air planes, tornadoes
How does number of particles affect Gas Pressure?
more particles increases the number of collisions, therefore pressure increases.
How does temperature affect gas pressure?
-Increasing temperature increases the Kinetic energy of the particles, which means more collisions and stronger collisions, therefore pressure increases.
How does volume affect gas pressure?
-Increasing volume will decrease pressure because particles will have more space, which will decrease the number of collisions, which will decrease pressure.
What must occur for a substance to be a liquid?
There must be some sort of attraction between particles. These forces of attraction are responsible for many of the physical properties of a liquid.
What are Van der Waals forces?
The attraction between particles in liquids, including cohesion and adhesion.
What is vaporization?
conversion of a liquid to a gas
What is evaporation?
the process by which a liquid changes to a gas below its boiling point. Evaporation only occurs at the surface of the liquid. Evaporation is a cooling process. Particles with the most energy leave the system and the particles left behind have a lower average kinetic energy than the particles that left.
What is vapor pressure?
When evaporation of a liquid occurs in a closed container, the force exerted by the vapor particles that are above the liquid, on the walls of a closed container.
What is boiling?
the process by which a liquid is changed to a gas at the boiling point. It occurs through out the entire liquid. Boiling is a cooling process because the particles with the most energy leave the system.
What is boiling point?
The temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure. Boiling is a cooling process because the particles with the most energy leave the system, which lowers the average KE of the particles in the system. This is why the temperature of a liquid does not change once it is at its boiling point.
What are the effects of pressure and elevation on boiling point?
- Boiling Point and Air Pressure are directly proportional.
- Boiling Point and Elevation are inversely proportional.
- As elevation increases, air pressure decreases.
- Because of the decrease in pressure at higher elevations, the boiling point of a liquid decreases. -As elevation decreases, air pressure increases.
- Because of the increase in pressure at lower elevations, the boiling point of a liquid increases.
What are properties of solids?
Solids have definite shape and volume. The particles have vibrational movement.
What are the two types of solids?
crystalline solids and amorphous solids
What are crystalline solids?
They have an ordered internal structure. Crystal: repeating three- dimensional pattern.
What are amorphous solids?
They lack an ordered internal structure. They contain no Crystal
What are allotropes?
Different forms of the same element in the same state of matter.
What are the two allotropes of oxygen?
o2-oxygen we breathe
03-ozone
What are the allotropes of carbon?
diamond, graphite, bucky balls
What is the triple point?
the point where all 3 states of matter are in equilibrium
What are the chemical symbols for solids, liquids, and gases?
s, l, g
What is aqueous and what is its symbol?
Able to be dissolved in water (aq)
What is melting?
Solid to liquid
What is freezing?
liquid to solid
What is deposition?
gas to solid
What is sublimation?
solid to gas
What is condensation?
gas to liquid
What is vaporization?
liquid to gas
What is a phase diagram?
A diagram that shows how Temperature and Pressure affect the states of matter in a system.
What is pressure and temperature measured in on a phase diagram?
KPa, Celsius
What is the solid/vapor line?
gives temperatures and pressures that solid and gas are in equilibrium
What is the solid/liquid line?
gives temperatures and pressures that solid and liquid are in equilibrium
What is the liquid/gas line?
gives temperatures and pressures that liquid and gas are in equilibrium
