Chapter 1-2 Test Flashcards
What is matter?
Anything that has mass and volume
What is mass?
The amount of matter in an object
How is mass measured?
using a balance or electronic scale
What is the basic unit for measuring mass?
Grams (g)
Does mass change with location?
No
Are mass and weight the same thing?
No
What is weight?
A force that depends on the acceleration due to gravity
What is the rate of acceleration?
9.8 meters/second
Does weight change with location?
Yes
What is a vacuum?
The absence of matter.
What is the formula for weight?
mass x gravitational pull
What is volume?
The amount of space occupied by an object.
What are units you measure volume by?
Liters (L), cubic cm
What is the ratio of mL to cm^3?
1:1
What is the formula for volume of a sphere?
4/3pi r^3
What is the formula for volume of a cylinder?
Pi r^2 h
What are two lab instruments you can use to measure volume?
Graduated cylinder, volumetric flask
How do you measure with a graduated cylinder?
Go down to eye level and measure the meniscus, at the bottom of the curve.
How do you find volume of irregularly shaped objects?
Water Displacement
What are the steps of Water Displacement?
- Determine initial volume
- Place object in liquid and then determine the final volume
- Calculate the volume of the object by taking the difference of the volumes.
What are properties?
Characteristics that describe matter.
What are physical properties?
a quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance’s composition.
Name 10 physical properties.
- color
- odor
- malleability
- ductility
- solubility
- refractive index
- mass
- volume
- density
- specific heat
- boiling point
- melting point
- freezing point
- hardness
- luster
- magnetism
- volatility
What is specific heat?
The amount of energy needed to raise 1g of a substance by 1 degrees Celsius.
What is volatility?
easily evaporating in room temperature
What is refractive index?
The ability to bend light.
What is a chemical property?
Describes how substances change into new substances; describes a substance going through a chemical change.
Name three chemical properties.
- rust
- flammability
- reactivity
What are the three main states of matter?
Solid, liquid, gas
What is the process when a solid turns to a liquid?
Melting
What is the process when a liquid turns to a gas?
vaporization (boiling/evaporation)
What is the process when a solid turns to a gas?
sublimation
What is the process when a gas turns to a liquid?
condensation
What is the process when a liquid turns to a solid?
freezing
What is the process when a gas turns to a solid?
deposition
What is a solid?
It has a definite shape and definite volume, the particles are tightly packed with very little movement. They are almost incompressible.
What is a liquid?
It has an indefinite shape, but a definite volume, the particles are further apart than a solid, but not as loose as a gas, and they can slide over one another. They are almost incompressible.
What is a gas?
It has an indefinite shape and volume, the particles are very far apart with little to no attraction between them and they move rapidly and randomly. They are readily compressible.
What is evaporation?
it occurs below the boiling point, only occurs at the liquid’s surface.
What is boiling?
It occurs at the boiling point, and occurs throughout the whole liquid. It is a cooling process because a liquid cannot go above the boiling point.
What is a Physical Change?
Any change that doesn’t alter the chemical composition of a substance.
What is a chemical change?
it is also called a chemical reaction; a change in the chemical composition of a substance. It involves breaking chemical bonds and reforming new bonds.
What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?
It tells that matter is neither created or destroyed. It is conserved. It changes only in form.
What are the 5 indicators that a chemical reaction occurred?
- change in color
- change in odor
- formation of a precipitate
- production of a gas
- change in energy
What is an exothermic reaction?
Heat and energy are given off by the reaction. Example is gasoline or oil burning.
What is an endothermic reaction and what is an example of one?
energy is absorbed and it gets colder. Icepack is an example.
What is the rule regarding reactants and products?
The total mass of the reactants must equal the total mass of the products in any chemical reaction.
What is a solution?
A homogenous mixture with only one phase.
What is a mixture?
Two or more substances physically combined, and physically separated. Most natural materials are mixtures.
What is a heterogenous mixture?
A mixture composed of more than one phase. They are not uniform in composition, and the components aren’t evenly distributed throughout the sample.
What are the two types of mixtures?
Homogenous and heterogenous
What are two types of pure substances?
elements and compounds
What are two types of heterogenous mixtures?
colloids and suspensions
What is a suspension?
A type of heterogenous mixture where the particles are large enough to settle out.
What is a colloid?
A type of heterogenous mixture with particles smaller than those in a suspension and they don’t settle out.
What is the Tyndall Effect?
scattering of light as it passes through a heterogenous mixture
What is a homogenous mixture?
Appears to be in uniform composition even under the most powerful optical microscope. Because the components are so evenly distributed throughout the sample there is only one phase. The particles are so small, they stay suspended.
What is an alloy?
A solution of metals
What are the two parts to every solution?
Solute and solvent
What is the solute?
The substance being dissolved into something else, has least mass in the solution.
What is the solvent?
The substance that does the dissolving, has most mass of any component.
What is a pure substance?
a particular kind of matter with a definite and uniform composition.
What are the types of pure substances?
elements, atoms, compounds
What is an element?
a pure substance that contains only one type of atom. Simplest form of matter that exists under normal lab conditions.
What are atoms?
the simplest form of matter that retains the identity of that substance, the smallest part of an element that retains the identity of that element.
What are compounds?
Pure substances composed of more than one atom. They are chemically combined or bonded and can be separated into simpler substances in a chemical reaction.
What are the examples of solutions?
solid/solid-alloy
solid/liquid-salt water
gas/gas-air
liquid/liquid-anti-freeze
What is separation?
separating matter into simpler components
What is filtering?
Separates solids from liquids, like a coffee filter
What is decant?
Pouring off something (wine decanter)
What is evaporation?
To remove a solvent from a solute.
What is distillation?
Separating based on boiling points.
What is chromatography?
Used to differentiate between homogenous and heterogenous mixtures.
What is a sieve?
Separates based on volume (strainer)
What are magnets?
Separate based on magnetism.
What is a centrifuge?
Separates based on density, more dense objects go to bottom
