Chapter 10: Substance-Related, Addictive and Impulse-Control Disorders

Question 1

substance use

Answer 1

doesn’t mean intoxicated

taking moderate amounts of a substance in a way that doesn’t interfere with functioning

Question 2

substance intoxication

Answer 2

physical reaction to a substance (e.g. drunk)

Question 3

substance abuse

Answer 3

use in a way that is dangerous or causes substantial impairment (e.g. affecting job or relationships)

Question 4

substance dependence

Answer 4

may be defined by tolerance and withdrawal

sometimes defined by drug-seeking behavior (e.g. spending too much money on substance)

Question 5

tolerance

Answer 5

needing more of a substance to get the same effect/reduced effects from the same amount

Question 6

withdrawal

Answer 6

physical symptom reaction when substance is discontinued after regular use

withdrawal symptoms will be the opposite effect of the substance (e.g. taking dopamine, body overcompensates, stop taking dopamine, body still compensating, making you depressed)

Question 7

dementia tremors

Answer 7

shaking of the hands in withdrawal of the substance, alcohol withdrawal

Question 8

Five Main Categories of Substances

Answer 8

Depressants: alcohol, sedative, anxiolytic drugs

Stimulants: Increase alertness and elevate mood (cocaine, nicotine)

Opiates: euphoria (herion, morphine, codeine)

Hallucinogens: alter sensory perception (marijuana, LSD)

Others: inhalants, anabolic steroids, medications

Question 9

Substance Use Disorders

Answer 9

pattern of substance use leading to significant impairment and distress

need 2+ symptoms within a year

substance intoxication for different types of substances (alcohol, stimulants)

substance use disorders for different types of substances

withdrawal from different types of substances

Question 10

The Depressants: Alcohol-Related Disorders

Answer 10

central nervous system depressant, influences several neurotransmitter systems, specific target is GABA (makes neural cells worse at firing)

Effects of chronic use: intoxication and withdrawal, associated brain conditions-dementia and wernicke’s disease, fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 11

Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic Related Disorders

Answer 11

effects are similar to large doses of alcohol

exert influence via GABA

Sedatives: calming (barbiturates)
Hypnotic: sleep inducing
Anxiolytic: anxiety reducing (benzodiazepines)

Question 12

Stimulants

Answer 12

increase alertness and energy

examples: amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, and caffeine

It’s intoxication when accompanied by physical changes: dilated pupils, weight loss, vomiting, weakness, chills, change in HR/BP

Question 13

Amphetamines

Answer 13

stimulant

Effects: elation, vigor, reduce fatigue

these effects are usually followed by extreme fatigue and depression

the drug enhances the release of norepinephrine and dopamine

ADHD: adderall, ritalin

Question 14

Cocaine

Answer 14

stimulant

Effects: short lived sensations of elation, vigor, reduced fatigue. Highly addictive, but addiction develops slowly

cycle through patterns of tolerance and withdrawal (characterized by apathy and boredom)

Question 15

Nicotine

Answer 15

Stimulant

the most addictive, hardest one to get off of. Not dangerous withdrawals.

Build tolerance really quickly. Feel the good effects for about one month, after that, continue to smoke to stop the withdrawal symptoms, not because it makes you feel good.

Question 16

Caffeine

Answer 16

Stimulant

Effects: “gentle” stimulant. small doses elevate mood and reduce fatigue. regular use can result in tolerance and dependence. Blocks the reuptake of neurotransmitter adenosine.

Associated with physical symptoms including restlessness, anxiety, insomnia, flushed face, diuresis, GI disturbance, muscle twitching, rambling thoughts or speech, elevated or irregular heartbeat, excitement, inexhaustibility, motor agitation

Question 17

What is the worst substance you can take?

Answer 17

Methamphetamines. Because it makes you psychotic very quickly. Psychosis.

Question 18

What is the most addictive stimulant?

Answer 18

Nicotine

Question 19

Opioids

Answer 19

Effects: activate body’s endorphins; low doses induce euphoria, drowsiness, and slowed breathing; high doses can cause death; withdrawal symptoms can be lasting and severe

opiate vs opioids

Question 20

Hallucinogens

Answer 20

change the way the user perceives the world

may produce: delusions, paranoia, hallucinations, altered sensory perception

examples: marijuana and LSD

Question 21

Genetic Influences

Answer 21

substance has a genetic component

~10% biological component

~90% environment

Question 22

What are the two parts to substance abuse?

Answer 22

1) to take away the withdrawal symptoms

2) to produce a pleasurable feeling

Question 23

Opponent-process theory

Answer 23

why the crash after drug use fails to keep people from using: drugs themselves are easiest way to alleviate feelings of withdrawal

Question 24

Cognitive factors

Answer 24

role of expectancy effects: people use drugs when they anticipate positive effects

Question 25

What is triggered by cues (mood, environment, availability of drugs)?

Answer 25

Cravings

Question 26

Safe drug with a similar chemical composition as the abused drug

Answer 26

Treatment
Agonist Substitution
examples: methadone and nicotine gum

Question 27

Drugs that block or counteract the positive effects of substances

Answer 27

Treatment
Antagonist Treatment
examples: naltrexone for opiate and alcohol

Question 28

Drugs that make use of substances extremely unpleasant

Answer 28

Treatment
Aversive Treatment
examples: antabuse

Question 29

Community support programs

Answer 29

AA or NA…

helpful for maintaining abstinence, not for primary cure

Question 30

How to balance treatment goals

Answer 30

controlled use (cutting back) is much more effective than complete abstinence (much more likely to relapse)