Chapter 10. Rogers: Person-Centered Theory

Question 1

We use the label ________ in reference to Rogers’s therapy.

Answer 1

client-centered

Question 2

We use the more inclusive term ________ to refer to Rogerian personality theory.

Answer 2

person-centered

Question 3

Rogers postulated 2 broad assumptions:

Answer 3

1. formative tendency

2. actualizing tendency

Question 4

There is a tendency for all matter, both organic and
inorganic, to evolve from simpler to more complex forms. For the entire universe, a creative process, rather than a disintegrative one, is in operation. What tendency is this?

Answer 4

formative tendency

Question 5

The tendency within all humans (and other animals and plants) to move toward completion or fulfillment of potentials.

Answer 5

actualizing tendency.

Question 6

It is similar to the lower steps on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

Answer 6

need for maintenance

Question 7

This need to become more, to develop, and to achieve growth is called _________.

Answer 7

enhancement

Question 8

It is the tendency to actualize the self as perceived in awareness.

Answer 8

Self-actualization

Question 9

True or False. Self-actualization is a subset of the actualization tendency and is therefore not synonymous with it.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

2 self subsystems:

Answer 10

1. self-concept

2. ideal self

Question 11

It includes all those aspects of one’s being and one’s experiences that are perceived in awareness (though not always accurately) by the individual.

Answer 11

self-concept

Question 12

True or False. The self-concept is ourorganismic self.

Answer 12

False. The self-concept is NOT IDENTICAL with the organismic self.

Question 13

It is defined as one’s view of self as one wishes to be.

Answer 13

ideal self

Question 14

A wide gap between the ideal self and the self-concept indicates _________ and an unhealthy personality.

Answer 14

incongruence

Question 15

According to Rogers, it is “the symbolic representation (not necessarily in verbal symbols) of some portion of our experience”.

Answer 15

awareness

Question 16

True or False. Awareness is necessary for the existence of the self-concept and ideal self.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Levels of Awareness

Answer 17

1. Some events are experienced below the threshold of awareness and are either ignored or denied.
2. Rogers hypothesized that some experiences are accurately symbolized and freely admitted to the self-structure.
3. Experiences that are perceived in a distorted
   form.

Question 18

The person develops a need to be loved, liked, or accepted by another person, a need that Rogers referred to as __________.

Answer 18

positive regard

Question 19

True or False. Positive regard is a prerequisite for positive self-regard.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

The experience of prizing or valuing one’s self.

Answer 20

positive self-regard

Question 21

They perceive that their parents, peers, or partners love and accept them only if they meet those people’s expectations and approval. This is an illustration of _________.

Answer 21

conditions of worth

Question 22

This arises when the positive regard of a significant other is conditional, when the individual feels that in some respects he [or she] is prized and in others not.

Answer 22

conditions of worth

Question 23

Our perceptions of other people’s view of us are called _______________.

Answer 23

external evaluations.

Question 24

Rogers believed that people are ________ when they are unaware of the discrepancy between their organismic self and their significant experience.

Answer 24

vulnerable

Question 25

It is the protection of the self-concept against anxiety and threat by the denial or distortion of experiences inconsistent with it.

Answer 25

Defensiveness

Question 26

A chief defense wherein we misinterpret an experience in order to fit it into some aspect of our self-concept.

Answer 26

distortion

Question 27

A chief defense we refuse to perceive an experience in awareness, or at least we keep some aspect of it from reaching symbolization.

Answer 27

denial

Question 28

This exists when a person’s organismic experiences are matched by an awareness of them and by an ability and willingness to openly express these feelings.

Answer 28

Congruence

Question 29

Congruence involves:

Answer 29

1) feelings
2) awareness
3) expression

Question 30

What occurs when the need to be liked, prized, or accepted by another person exists without any conditions or qualifications?

Answer 30

unconditional positive regard

Question 31

The third necessary and sufficient condition of psychological growth is __________.

Answer 31

empathic listening

Question 32

Stages of Therapeutic Change:

Answer 32

Stage 1 is characterized by an unwillingness to communicate anything about oneself.
Stage 2, clients become slightly less rigid.
Stage 3, they more freely talk about self, although still
as an object.
Stage 4 begin to talk of deep feelings but not ones presently felt.
Stage 5, they have begun to undergo significant
change and growth.
Stage 6 experience dramatic growth and an irreversible movement toward becoming fully functioning or self-actualizing.
Stage 7 become fully functioning “persons
of tomorrow”.

Question 33

The person of tomorrow are:

Answer 33

1. more adaptable
2. open to their experiences
3. live fully in the moment
4. harmonious relations with others
5. more integrated
6. have a basic trust of human nature
7. enjoy a greater richness in life than do other people

Question 34

They would see each experience with a new freshness and appreciate it fully in the present moment. Rogers referred to this tendency to live in the moment
as _________.

Answer 34

existential living

Question 35

True or False. According to Rogers, science is and must always be objective and empirical.

Answer 35

False. According to Rogers, science BEGINS AND ENDS with the SUBJECTIVE experience, although everything in between must be objective and empirical.

Question 36

A natural instinct directing us toward the most fulfilling pursuits.

Answer 36

organismic valuing process (OVP)

Question 37

This exist when a person experiences conditions of worth, incongruence, defensiveness, and disorganization.

Answer 37

Barriers to psychological growth

Question 38

Conditions of worth and external evaluation lead to ________, ________, and ________ and prevent people from experiencing unconditional positive
regard.

Answer 38

vulnerability, anxiety, and threat

Question 39

True or False. The basic outcomes of client-centered counseling are congruent clients who are open to experiences and who have no need to be defensive.

Answer 39

True