Chapter 10 Psychiatric and Cognitive Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
Consciousness
- Definition -
- disturbances of conciousness
A
- Definition - state of awareness
- Disturbances of consciousness -
- result of a brain pathology,
- disorientation disturbance of person, place, or time
- Delirium disorientation with restlessness and confusion often associated iwth fear and hallucinations.
- Confusion - inapproprate reactions to environmental stimuli, manifested by disordered orientation in relation to person, place, and time
- Sundowning occurs in the late afternoon and at hight in older people.(characterized by drowsiness, confusion, ataxia, falling, agitation and sometimes aggressions.
2
Q
Attention
- Definition
- Disturbances of attention
A
- Definition - Ability to remian focused on an activity or experience or the ability to concentrate
- Disturbances of attention -
- distractibility - the inability to concentrate one’s attention without attention beign draw to unimportant or irrelevant stimuli.
- selective inattetions - blocking out activities, objects or concepts that produce anxiety
- Hypervigilance - excessive attention and alertness that guards against potential danger
- Trance - sleeplike state with minimal environmental awareness followed by amnesia for the experience.
3
Q
Emotion
- Description
- Disturbances of affect
A
- Description - a feeling state associated iwht affect and mood that consists of psychological and physical components (fear, anger, joy)
- Disturbances of affect - Inappropriate affect,
- blunted affect (severe lack of affect)
- flat affect - absence of any affective signs of emotion
- Labile - rapid and abrupt changes in affect
4
Q
Motor behavior
- Description -
- Disturbances of motor behavior
- Echo praxia
- Catatonia
- Stereotypy
- psychomotor retardation
- hyperactivity
- acting out
- akathisia
- ataxia
A
- Description - behavioral and motoric expressions of impulses, drives, wishes and motivations and craving
- Disturbances
- Echopraxia - meaninless imitation of another person’s movments
- Catatonia - immobiliyt or rigidity
- Stereotypy - repetition of fixed patterns of movments and speech
- psychomotor retardation - decrease or slowed cmotor and cognitive activity
- Acting out - physical expression of thoughts and impulses
- Akathisia - state of restlessness characterized by an urgent need for movement (usually a side effect of medication)
- Ataxia - irregularity or failure of muscle coordination upon movment
5
Q
Thinking
- Description
- Disturbances in form of thought
- Circumstantiality
- Tangentiality
- perseveration
- flight of ideas
- Disturbances in Content of thought
- Delusions
- Cumpulsions
- obsessions
*
A
- Description - Goal directed reasoned flow of ideas and associations, normal thinking follows logical sequence.
- Disturbances in form of thought -
- Circumsstantiality - speech that is delayed in reaching the point and contains excessive or irrelevant details.
- Tangentiality - abrupt changing of focus to la loosely associated topi
- Preseveration is a persistent focus on a previous topic or behavior after a new topic has been introduced
- flight of ideas - rapid shifts in thought sform one idea to another
- Distrubances in Content of thought
- Delusions - false beliefs about external reality without an appropriate stimulus that cannot be explained by the individual’s intelligence or cultural background
- Compulsions - need to act on specific impulses to releive associated anxiety
- Obsessions - constitute a persistent thoguth or feeling that cannot be eliminated by logical thought.
6
Q
Speech
- Description - expression of ideas, thoguths and feeling sthrought language
- Disturbances in Speech -
- pressured speech
- poverty of speech
- nonspontanteous speech
- Stuttering
- Perseveration in speech
- Disturbances in language output
- Expressive aphasia (Broca’s)
- Receptive aphasia (wernicke’s)
- Nominal aphasia
- Global aphasia
A
- Desturbances in speech
- presured speech - rapid and increased in amount, difficult to interrupt
- poverty of speech - limited in amount and content
- Nonspontaneous speech - responses that are given only when spoken directly to
- Stuttering - consists of repetition of a word or phrase
- Disturbances in language outbut
- Expressive Aphasia - inability to speak
- Receptive aphasia - loss of the ability to comprehend
- Nominal aphasia - inability to name objects
- Global aphasia - involves all forms of aphasia
7
Q
Perception
- the procwess of interpreting sensory information recieved from the environment
- Distrubances of perception
- Hallucinations
- Illusions
- Distrubances associated with a cognitive disorder
- Agnosia
- Astereognosis
- Visual agnosia
- Adiadochokinesia
- Disturbances associated with conversion and dissociateve phenomena
A
- Distrubances of perception
- Hallucinations - false sensory percpetions that are not in response to an external stimulus
- Illusions are misperceptions or misinterpretations of real sensory events
- Distrubances associated with a cognitive disorder
- Agnosia- inability to understand and interpret signficance of sensory input
- Astereognosis - inabiliyt to identify objects throught touch
- Visual agnosia - inabiliyt to recognize people and objects
- Adiadochokinesia - in abiliyt to perform rapidly alternating movements
- Conversion and dissociative phenomena -
- disturbanes are in response to repressed material and involve physical symptoms and distortions that are not under voluntary control or associated with a physical disorder
- Depersonalization - sense of bein unreal or inanimate
- Derealization - the environment is unreal
- Fugue - state of serious depersonalization, often involving travel or relocation, in withch the individualt takes on a new identity with amnesia for old identitiy
*
8
Q
Memory
the ability to store and retrieve information related to past experiences
- Levels of memory
- Immediate
- Recent memory
- Recent past memory
- Remote memory
- Disturbances of memory
A
- Levels of memory -
- Immediate - ability to recall material within seconds or minutes
- Recent memory - ability to recall events of the bast few days
- Recent past memory - abilityt to recall evenets of the past few months
- Remote memory - ability to recall events of the distant past
- Disturbances of memory
- amnesia - inability to recall past experienes of personal identitiy, caused by organic or emotional dysfunction. Retrograde amnesia is the inability to remember events that occured prior to the event.
9
Q
Schizophrenia
- Description
- Positive symptoms
- Negative symptoms
A
- Description - characterized by the presence of the symptoms, delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior
- Positive symptoms - the excesses or distortions of normal function. presence of delusions, hallucinations disorganized speech, Grossly disorganized. catatonic behavior.
- Negative symptoms - loss or absence of function, restricted emotion, decreased thoguth and speech, lac of motivation and initiative, inability to relate to others
10
Q
Subtypes of schizophrenia
Paranoid type
A
- preoccupation with one or more delusions of persecution or grandeur
- auditory hallucinations frequently present
- individuals with this type present with fewer negative symptoms.
11
Q
Subtypes of schizophrenia
Disorganized type
A
- Distingueshed by marked regression demonstrating primitive, disinhibited, and disorganized behavior.
12
Q
Subtypes of schizophrenia
Catatonic type
A
characterized by severe disturbances in motor behavior involvign stupor, negativeism, rigidity excitement or posturing
13
Q
Subtypes of schizophrenia
Undifferentiated type
A
for those who do not clearly fit inot oth of the other categories.
14
Q
Psychotic disorders impact on function
A
- demonstrate deficits in cognitive-perceptual and social interaction skills
- deficits in processing sensory information, making interaction with the environment difficult
- difficulty with own ego boundaries, often exhibiting socially inappropriate intrusive, behaviors
- poor social and communication skills needed for maintaining a satisfying interpersonal relationship
- Thought disorders cause deficits in cognitive function. Interview/difficulties with performance in mall areas of occupation (ade and leisure pursuits)
15
Q
Psychotic disorders considerations for Occupational Therapy
A
- when weroking with this population, communicate simply, clearly and concreatly due to presence of disordered thinking
- external strucutre to organize the individuals thinking, environment, and ADLS
