Chapter 10 - Preclinical Studies Flashcards
What happens after a lead compound for a new drug has been identified?
It undergoes a development process to optimize it’s properties in regards to its effects on toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and reproductive development.
What does toxicity information in preclinical studies provide?
Confidence in the safety aspect of a potential drug.
What are pharmacological studies with animals regulated under?
Good Laboratory Practice
Name the methods by which drugs can be administered.
Intravenous, oral, buccal, sublingual, rectal, rectal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, transdermal, topical, and inhalation.
Diffusion
The random movement of molecules in fluid.
Equilibrium
When equal numbers of molecules are crossing a cell membrane in both directions.
Polar molecules cannot penetrate cell membranes readily via passive diffusion and rely on other transport mechanisms. True or false?
True.
Name a type of diffusion that is faster than passive diffusion.
Facilitated diffusion (Controlled by hormones or enzymes).
What does active transport require?
Energy to drive the transportation of drugs against the concentration gradient, from low to high. The transportation rate depends on the availability of carriers and energy supply.
Pinocytosis
Involves the engulfing of fluids by a cell.
What is the most common way of administering a drug?
Oral.
What is first-pass metabolism?
When the liver metabolizes the drug, which leads to reduction in the availability of the drug for interaction with receptors.
How can drugs be administered to avoid first-pass metabolism?
Buccal and sublingual (absorbed between the gums and cheek and underneath the tongue).
Which administration methods are used to deliver protein-based drugs?
Subcutaneous and intramuscular.
What does a drugs distribution pattern depend on?
The binding of the drug to blood plasma protein molecules, the vascular nature of the tissue, and the diffusion of the drug.
