Chapter 10 Notes

Question 1

Sex

Answer 1

Biological based categories of female and male

Question 2

Gender

Answer 2

Culturally constructed distinctions between femininity and masculinity

Question 3

Gender stereotypes

Answer 3

Widely held belief about the behavior of males and females. Also include supposed abilities, personality traits, and expected social behavior.

Question 4

Socialization

Answer 4

• Norms of behaviors expected of people in a particular society
• learning to behave in a manner that’s appropriate
• traditionally includes effort to train children about gender roles

Question 5

Gender roles

Answer 5

Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex

Question 6

Three key processes in socialization

Answer 6

1) operant conditioning
2) observational learning
3) self socialization

Question 7

Operant conditioning person

Answer 7

B.F. Skinner

Question 8

Operant conditioning

Answer 8

• Power of reward and punishment
• A form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their conveniences (body language, facial expression, etc.)

Question 9

Who uses operant conditioning?

Answer 9

Parents, teachers, peers, “important others”

Question 10

Observational learning person

Answer 10

Abert bandura

Question 11

Observational learning

Answer 11

A form of learning influenced by the observation of others behavior

Question 12

Facts about observational learning

Answer 12

1. Children imitate both females and males
2. Most children imitate same sex models more than opposite sex models
3. Same sex peers may be even more influential than adults

Question 13

Self socialization

Answer 13

Children are active agents in their own gender-role socialization

Question 14

Three steps of S.S.

Answer 14

1. Children learn to classify themselves as male or female and to recognize their sex as permanent qualifies (around 5/6)
2. Self socialization motivated them to value characteristics or behave associated with their sex
3. Children strive to behave in with what is considered gender appropriate

Question 15

Three conflictive abilities differences in males and females

Answer 15

1. On average females ten to have slightly better verbal skills than males (speak earlier, larger vocab, stronger semantically (a grammar))
2. During the high school years males show a slight advantage in math abilities
3. Starting in grade school years, males tend to score higher on tasks that require visual and working memory

Question 16

3 social behavior and personality differences between genders

Answer 16

1. Studies show that males tend to be more physically aggressive than females
2. Females tend to be more verbally aggressive than females…a pattern that shows up early in childhood and continues into adulthood
3. There are gender differences in non-verbal communication….females are more sensitive to subtle non verbal cues (a smile or frown)

Question 17

Study of gifted 7th and 8th grade students person

Answer 17

Benbow 1988

Question 18

Benbow study 1988 study of gifted 7th and 8th graders

Answer 18

• top 500 math students in 7&8 grade (half male half female) took a math sub of the act
• boys out numbered girls 17:1 in froups scoring over 70”
• repeat for English (Becker, Cali, eagly, 1993)
• girls out numbered boys 15:1 in groups scoring over 700
• females tend to conform more

Question 19

Girls outnumbered guys in good English tests

Answer 19

Becker, Cali, eagly 1993

Question 20

Oliver and Hyde 1997

Answer 20

• females more trusting and empathetic
• males more sexually active
• makes more permissive and casual about premarital and extramarital sex

Question 21

3 souces of gender role socialization

Answer 21

1. Families
2. Schools
3. Media

Question 22

Families role in gender role socialization

Answer 22

(Don’t treat them as differently as we think but)

• fathers engage more rough housing w boys
• encouraged to play w different types of toys
• household chores assigned by sex (girls inside boys outside)

Question 23

What role to schools play in sources of gender role socialization people

Answer 23

Sadker-sadker 1990

Question 24

Schools role in gender role socialization

Answer 24

• preschool and grade school teachers gotten reward good behavior
• teachers pay more attention to the behavior of males
• males tend to be scolded more for bad behavior than females

Question 25

Medias role in gender role socialization

Answer 25

• tv shows depict males and females stereotypically
• females: submissive, passive, emotional, worried about trivial matters, sex objects
• men: interdependents, assertive, composed, work oriented, serious about matters

Question 26

The shoulders theory of gender roles:

Answer 26

“We are born female or male… To become masculine or feminine takes years of complex development”