Chapter 10 - Emotional Development

Question 1

Emotion

Answer 1

Feeling, or affect, that occurs when people are engaged in an interaction that is important to them, especially one that influences their well-being.

Question 2

Primary Emotions

Answer 2

Emotions that are present in humans and other animals, and emerge early in life; examples are joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust.

Question 3

Self-Conscious Emotions

Answer 3

Emotions that require self-awareness, especially consciousness and a sense of “me”

Jealousy, empathy, and embarrassment

Question 4

Basic Cry

Answer 4

A rhythmic pattern usually consisting of a cry, a briefer silence, a shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry.

Question 5

Anger Cry

Answer 5

A cry similar to the basic cry but with more excess air forced through the vocal cords.

Question 6

Pain Cry

Answer 6

A sudden appearance of loud crying without preliminary moaning, and a long initial cry followed by an extended period of breath holding.

Question 7

Reflexive Smile

Answer 7

A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli. It happens during the month after birth, usually during sleep.

Question 8

Social Smile

Answer 8

A smile in response to an external stimulus, which, early in development, typically is a face.

Question 9

Stranger Anxiety

Answer 9

An infant’s fear of and wariness toward strangers; it tends to appear in the second half of the first year of life.

Question 10

Separation Protest

Answer 10

Occurs when infants experience a fear of being separated from a caregiver, which results in crying when the caregiver leaves.

Question 11

Temperament

Answer 11

Involves individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding

Question 12

Easy Child

Answer 12

A temperament style in which the child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines, and adapts easily to new experiences.

Question 13

Difficult Child

Answer 13

A temperament style in which the child tends to react negatively and cry frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept new experiences.

Question 14

Slow-to-warm-up Child

Answer 14

A temperament style in which the child has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood.

Question 15

Goodness of Fit

Answer 15

The match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with.

Question 16

Social Referencing

Answer 16

“Reading” emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation.

2nd year of life

Question 17

Attachment

Answer 17

A close emotional bond between two people

Question 18

Strange Situation

Answer 18

Ainsworth’s observational measure of infant attachment to a caregiver, which requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order.

Question 19

Insecure Disorganized Babies

Answer 19

Babies who show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented

Caregivers neglect or physically abuse their babies

Question 20

Securely Attached Babies

Answer 20

Babies who use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment.

Caregivers are consistently available to meet babies needs

Question 21

Insecure Resistant Babies

Answer 21

Babies who might cling to the caregiver, then resist her by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away.

Caregivers are inconsistently available to babies and are not very affectionate

Question 22

Developmental Cascade Model

Answer 22

Involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes

Question 23

What does emotional competence involve?

Answer 23

Developing a number of skills such as being aware of one’s emotional state, discerning others’ emotions, adaptively coping with negative emotions, and understanding the role of emotions in relationships

Question 24

Development of emotion in infancy

Answer 24

Primary emotions, self-conscious emotions, crying (basic, anger, pain), social smiling, 2 fears (stranger anxiety and separation from caregiver)

Question 25

Development of emotion in early childhood

Answer 25

Advances in emotion involve expressing emotions, understanding emotions, and regulating emotions

Range of emotions expand and self-conscious emotions increase

Learn about causes ad consequences of emotion

Question 26

Development of emotion in middle and late childhood

Answer 26

Growing awareness about controlling and managing emotions to meet social standards

Show increased emotional understanding, improve ability to suppress negative emotions, use self-initiated strategies for redirecting feelings, have an increased tendency to take into fuller account the events that lead to emotional reactions, develop a capacity for genuine empathy

Question 27

Rothbart and Bates’ view of temperament classifications

Answer 27

Extraversion/surgency

Negative affectivity

Effortful control (self-regulation)

Question 28

Extraversion/Surgency

Answer 28

Positive anticipation, impulsivity, activity level, and sensation seeking

Uninhibited children

Question 29

Inhibited

Answer 29

React to many aspects of unfamiliarity with initial avoidance, distress, or subdued affect

Unable to act in a relaxed and. natural way

Question 30

Negative Affectivity

Answer 30

Fear, frustration, discomfort

Inhibited children

Question 31

Effortful control (self-regulation)

Answer 31

Attentional focusing and shifting, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity, and low-intensity pleasure

Able to keep their arousal from getting too high and have strategies for soothing themselves

Question 32

3 types of insecure attachment

Answer 32

Avoidant, resistant, disorganized

Question 33

4 phases of attachment

Answer 33

1. Birth to 2 months. Infants instinctively orient to human figures. Strangers, siblings, and parents are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying from infant
2. 2-7 months. Attachment focused on one figure, usually primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish familiar and unfamiliar people
3. 7-24 months. Specific attachment develops. With increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregiver, such as the mother or father
4. 24 months and on. Children become aware of other peoples feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take into account in direction their own actions.

Question 34

Internal Working Model of Attachment

Answer 34

Mental model of the caregiver, their relationship, and the self as deserving of nurturant care.

Question 35

Insecure avoidant babies

Answer 35

Babies who show insecurity by avoiding the mother.

Caregivers are inconsistently unavailable or rejecting