Chapter 10 and 11: Muscles and Muscle Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

4 properties and that distinguish muscle tissue from other tissues

A

contractility, excitability, extensibility, and elasticity

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2
Q

contractility

A

muscle tissue contracts forcefully

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3
Q

excitability

A

nerve signals or other stimuli excite muscle cells

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4
Q

extensibility

A

muscle tissue can be stretched

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5
Q

elasticity

A

muscle tissue can recoil passively and resume its resting length

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6
Q

functions of muscle tissue

A

produce movement, open and close body passageways, maintains posture and stabilize joints, and heat generation

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7
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A

skeletal muscles that are striated; innervated by voluntary division of nervous system

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8
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

striated muscles only in walls of heart; innervated by the involuntary division of the nervous system

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9
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

walls of hollow organs; lack striations; innervated by involuntary division of nervous system

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10
Q

epimysium

A

dense irregular connective tissue surrounding entire muscle

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11
Q

perimysium

A

surrounds each fascicle (group of muscle fibers)

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12
Q

endomysium

A

fine sheath of loose connective tissue wrapping each muscle cell

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13
Q

muscle attachments

A

most skeletal muscles run from one bone to another, crossing 1 moveable joint

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14
Q

insertion

A

more moveable

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15
Q

origin

A

less moveable

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16
Q

skeletal muscle fiber

A

long, cylindrical fibers; huge cells; each cell formed by the fusion of hundreds of embryonic cells; nuclei are peripherally located

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17
Q

myofibrils

A

rodlike bundle of contractile myofilaments in the cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle cell; made of repeating segments called sarcomeres

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18
Q

Z disc (Z line)

A

boundaries at the two ends of each sarcomere

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19
Q

thin (actin filaments)

A

attached to each Z disc and extending toward the center of the sarcomere; composed of actin

20
Q

thick (myosin) filaments

A

located in the center of the sarcomere; overlap inner ends of the thin filaments; contain ATPase enzymes

21
Q

A bands

A

full length of the thick filaments; includes inner end of thin filaments

22
Q

H zone

A

center part of A band where no thin filaments occur

23
Q

M line

A

in center of H zone; contains tiny rods that hold thick filaments together

24
Q

I band

A

region with only thin filaments; lies within two adjacent sarcomeres

25
Q

T tubules

A

deep invaginations of sarcolemma that run between each pair of terminal cisterns

26
Q

Triad

A

T tubule flanked by two cisterns

27
Q

axial muscles

A

their origin and insertion in the axial skeleton; affect facial features, chewing, aid in breathing, and organ support

28
Q

appendicular mucles

A

have their origin and insertion in the appendicular skeleton; move limbs

29
Q

circular muscles

A

concentrically arranged fibers around an opening called a sphincter; contraction decreases the diameter of the passage

30
Q

parallel muscles

A

parallel to the long axis; central body called the belly; when they shorten, their diameter increases

31
Q

convergent muscles

A

widespread fibers that converge at the common site; triangular in shape; direction of pull can be changed by which fibers are active; not as strong as parallel when they contract

32
Q

pennate muscles

A

named for their shape (penna means feather); the fascicles have the same angle with respect to a tendon; one or more tendons through the body of the muscle

33
Q

agonists

A

prime mover of a joint; contract to make a particular movement

34
Q

antagonist

A

actions oppose the agonist

35
Q

synergists

A

assist the agonist with performing its action

36
Q

muscle naming schemes

A

action, body region, muscle attachments, fiber orientation, muscle shape, muscle size, and muscle heads or tendons of origin

37
Q

concentric contraction

A

muscle shortens and does work

38
Q

eccentric contraction

A

muscle generates force as it lengthens

39
Q

muscle extension

A

after muscle is stretched they contract; amount of overlap between the thin and thick filaments decreases

40
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

where nerve ending and muscle fiber meet

41
Q

axon terminals

A

at ends of axons; store neurotransmitters

42
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space between axon terminal and sarcolemma

43
Q

motor unit

A

a motor neuron and all of the muscle cells it stimulates

44
Q

slow oxidative fibers (aerobic; many mitochondria)

A

red(lots of myoglobin); many capillaries
slow contraction; fatigue resistant

45
Q

fast glycolytic fibers (anaerobic; few mitochondria)

A

white (little myoglobin
powerful; contract and tire quickly

46
Q

fast oxidative fibers

A

red (myoglobin); many capillaries; contract quickly; more powerful than slow oxidative and somewhat fatigue resistant