chapter 10 Flashcards
Communicable disease
A disease that can be given from one person to the next
Microbe (microorganism)
A living thing that cannot be seen with the naked eye;
examples include bacteria and viruses
Normal (resident) flora
The harmless microbes that live in and on the body and
help it function properly
pathogens
Microbe that can cause illness
Opportunistic microbes
Opportunistic microbes
Microbes that are considered normal resident flora when they are in or on one part of the body,
but can cause infection if they move out of that area and into
or onto another part of the body
normal if in own part, infection if they move
colonies
Groups of bacteria
aerobic
An adjective use to describe
bacteria that need oxygen in order to live
(opp of anaerobic)
anaerobic
anaerobic
An adjective used to describe
bacteria that can survive without oxygen
an=not
antibodies
What
where do they come from
what do they do
what are antibodies?
specialized proteins
produced by the immune system
that help our bodies to fight off specific microbes,
preventing infection
MDROs
Multi-drug resistant organisms
Bacteria that are resistant to one or more classes of antimicrobial agents
bacteria resistant drug
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
A type of bacteria that has become resistant to
methicillin a powerful antibiotic
bacteria-resistant methicillin
Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE)
A type of bacteria that has become resistant to vancomycin, a powerful antibiotic
mdro
multidrug resistant organism
MRSA
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
VRE
vancomycin resistant enterococcus
Infection
disease caused by pathogen microbes
Chain of infection
Six key cond that must be met for a person to get a communicable infection
contaminated
Adj used to describe an
object soiled by pathogens
fomites
Non living object that has been contaminated
vector
Living creature, such as an insect, that can transmit a disease
virulence
strength or disease producing potentional of a pathogen
HAI
health care associated infections
Health care associated infections (HAI)
Infections that pts and res get
while receiving tx in a hc facility
or
that hc workers get while performing their duties within a hc setting
Nosocomial infections
Infections that patients or res get while receiving treatment in a hc facility;
a type of HAI
Infection control
basic practices
designed to decrease the chance that an infection will spread
from one person to another in a healthcare setting
Medical asepsis
Techniques that are used to physically remove or kill pathogens
sanitization
practices associated with basic cleanliness
- such as hand-washing
- cleansing of eating utensils
- and other surfaces
- with soap and water and providing
- clean Linens and clothing
one of the techniques of medical asepsis
antisepsis
Practices that kill microbes
or stop them from growing
one of the techniques of medical asepsis
disinfection
the use of strong chemicals to kill pathogens on non-living objects
- that come in contact with body fluids or substances
- such as bedpans
- urinals
- and bed tables
one of the techniques of medical asepsis
sterilization
the process of completely eliminating microbes from the surface of an object
using an autoclave or
chemicals
one of the techniques of medical asepsis
medical Asespsis
techniques
med asepsis - techniques to kill pathogens
- antisepsis - practices to kill microbes
- sanitization - basic, soap and water, hands
- disinfect - chemicals, kill on non living things
- sterilization - eliminate autoclave chemicals
transient flora
Microbes that are picked up by touching contaminated
objects or people who have an infectious disease
PPE
barriers that are worn to physically prevent microbes from reaching a healthcare provider skin or mucous membranes
Isolation precautions
what
who
how
why
guidelines based on a pathogens method of transmission
that healthcare workers follow
contain pathogen
and limit others exposure to it as much as possible
Standard precautions
Precautions that a hc worker takes with each pt
to prevent contact with bloodborne pathogens;
incl the use of barrier methods -like gloves
certain env control methods
Transmission based precaution
Precautions that a hc worker takes when a person
is known to have a disease that is transmitted in a certain way;
includes
- airborne prec,
- droplet,
- and contact prec
Airborne precautions
Used when caring for people infected with pathogens that can be transmitted through the air
including
- placing the patient in a private room with the door closed
- wearing a mask when caring for the patient
- and minimizing the amount of time the person spends out of his or her private room
air borne, private room, mask,time in room
(AIIR)
Airborne infection isolation room
Airborne infection isolation room (AIIR)
what
how
why
Single occupancy patient care room
with special ventilation and filtration systems
used to isolate persons with an Airborne infectious disease
Droplet precautions
used when caring for people infected with pathogens that can be transmitted by direct exposure to droplets
released from the mouth or nose
example
- cough
- sneeze
- talk
Contact precautions
used when caring for people infected with pathogens that can be transmitted directly by touching the person or indirectly by touching fomites
include using barrier methods whenever in contact with the infected person
for items contaminated with wound drainage or body substances is necessary
Transmission Based Precautions
airborne precautions
droplet precautions
contact precautions
What is a normal or resident flora
harmless microbe helps human body to function properly
What is a pathogen
cause illness
can be normal flora in one part of the body and a pathogen in another
example
escherichia coli usually lives in large intestine is harmless but if it gets into another part of the body where it is not normal flora like the bladder it causes an infection
opportunistic microbe
is normal one place but harmful another
Becomes pathogenic
types of microbes
bacteria
virus
fungi
parasites
bacteria
what are they
only one cell
reproduce by dividing in half
live in colonies
how are bacteria classified
classified
by Shape
the way they arrange themselves in a colony
by the way they stain or react to dye
what are bacteria shapes
round equals cocci (circle, cocci)
rod-shaped= spirilla
how are bacteria named
What is aerobic bacteria
need oxygen to live
what is anaerobic bacteria
die if oxygen is present
where do most bacteria that caused illness live?
warm moist dark environments
source of nutrition in order to grow
what is an endospore?
hard shell surrounds bacteria
enter state of inactivity
when growing conditions available bacterium active again
What is special about bacteria with endospores?
very difficult to kill
because of protective endospores
include:
- strep throat,
- bladder infections,
- skin infections
how are several rod-shaped bacteria transmitted?
By ticks, fleas
diseases like
- Rocky Mountain spotted fever
- and typhus
what are viruses
smallest microbes
not complete cells - small bundles of protein
how do viruses work?
BC not complete cells
cannot carry out normal cellular activities such as reproduction by themselves
must take over host cell
usually plant or animal cell
once inside host cell virus uses the host cell to make copies of itself
the virus and all its copies breakthrough host cells wall killing the host cell in freeing the viruses to infect other neighboring host cells
what are progeny
viruses copies in cells
what illnesses are caused by viruses?
cold,
fever blisters,
chickenpox,
hepatitis,
AIDS, HIV
mad cow disease
Caused by C r e u t z f e l d t-jakob disease
caused by virus
fungi
group of plant-like organisms
many fungi help us
- ringworm,
- athlete’s foot,
- thrush,
- candidiasis
parasites
live in a host plant or animal
use host for food and protection
can be transmitted from one person to another through physical contact
- scabies
- pediculosis (lice)
parasites transferred from one person to another through
feces or blood
what are helminths
type of parasite
worm-like organisms that live in the human body
include pinworms, tapeworms, roundworms
transmitted by eating undercooked meet inhaling worm eggs thru feces
type of parasite
worm-like organisms that live in the human body
include
- pinworms,
- tapeworms,
- roundworms
transmitted by eating undercooked meat
inhaling worm eggs thru feces
protozoa
parasites that take in food
illnesses like
- malaria, dysentery
from drinking contaminated water
What is main defense mechanism?
healthy intact skin and mucous membranes
Prevents pathogens from entering the body
why is intact skin and mucous system so important?
natural lubricants contain substances that prevent growth of pathogens
mucous membranes line all organ systems that come in contact with the outside world
cells of mucous membrane secrete mucus that creates a physical barrier by trapping and destroying pathogens
wash hands
drink water
brushed teeth
stomach acid kills microbes in food
tears have substance that kills microbes
coughing remove inhaled microbes
what are the bodies other defences
- intact skin
2. mucous membranes line all organ systems that come in contact with the outside world
- wash hands
- drink water
- brushed teeth
- stomach acid kills microbes in food
- tears have substance that kills microbes
- coughing remove inhaled microbes
after first defences is second defence
called
General immune response
inflammation response
General immune response
inflammation response
way to fight off microbes if they get through the First Defense
blood vessels around the site of the infection dilate allowing more blood flow to the area
increased blood flow brings more oxygen and nutrients to the tissues
increased blood flow brings white blood cells called leukocytes
leukocytes destroy pathogens that invade the body by eating them or secreting substances that cause them to die
increase blood flow causes infected area to become red warm swollen and painful
pathogens do not like heat
fever helps destroy pathogens
culture and sensitivity test
diagnostic test to find out which microbe is causing the infection
and what medication treats it
maybe
in urine
wound drainage
other bodily fluids or substances
signs of infection
tell the nurse immediately
- Fever
- rapid pulse rapid respiratory rate or changes in blood pressure
- pain or difficulty breathing
- redness swelling or pain
- foul-smelling or cloudy urine
- pain or difficulty urinating
- diarrhea or foul-smelling feces
- nausea or vomiting
- lack of appetite
- skin rashes
- Fatigue
- increased confusion or disorientation
- any unusual discharge or drainage from the body
non-specific defense mechanisms
physical barriers
General immune responses
specific defense mechanisms
1.antibiotics
specialized proteins fight off specific microbes
develop antibodies following exposure to the microbe
may come from previous infection or through vaccination
- Antibiotics
drug that is able to kill bacteria or make it difficult for them to reproduce and grow
penicillin first WW2
3. Antimicrobials
treat fungal and parasitic infections
4. Antiviral
treat some viral infections
what are multi drug-resistant organisms, mdro’s?
bacteria that are resistant to one or more classes of antibiotics
dangerous because patients do not have healthy immune systems therefore less able to fight off infections
difficult to treat because microbes are resistant to the drugs that used to treat them
where is VRE
Vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE)
- in digestive tract
- contact with feces
where is MRSA
methicillin-resistant- staphylo coccus aureus MRSA
- found on person skin
- transmitted easily through person-to-person contact
what happens when antibiotics kill off good bacteria?
- they’re not destroyed by the antibiotic
- will grow rapidly
like c-diff
- causes healthcare-associated diarrhea
- spread from person to person
what is an infection?
illness caused by a pathogen
can be local or small area
generalized effects large area or an organ
systemic effects the entire body
most infections are communicable
contagious
infection that can be easily transmitted from one person to another through casual contact
like a cold
cold is contagious and communicable
communicable
Not transmitted through casual contact
needs conditions to be met
conditions are called Chain of Infection
contagious=easily caught thru casual
communicable - not as easy, chain of infection
chain of infection
pathogen
reservoir
portal of exit
method of transmission
portal of entry
susceptible host
pathogen
Pathogen
microorganism capable of causing an infection must be present and strong enough and in large enough numbers to cause an infection
reservoir
Reservoir
place where something is stored
collected X
humans animals food water milk objects that come in contact with an infected person secretions or bodily fluids
portal of exit
portal of exit
pathogen leaves the reservoir
digestive tract,
respiratory tract,
urinary tract,
reproductive tracts,
skin
method of transmission
method of transmission
pathogen needs way to get to another person
portal of entry
take over a new person’s body
respiratory urinary digestive reproductive systems
Breaks in skin
susceptible host
susceptible host
usually can fight off pathogens
factors put us at risk for infection
direct transmission
close contact between an infected and non-infected person
inhales or ingests droplets excelled by the infected person
indirect transmission
non-infected person comes in contact with a non-living object that has been contaminated by pathogens
what is a fomite
non-living object contaminated by a pathogen
- glass of water
- sheets that have been slept on
what does a vector do?
living creature that transmits protozoan and other pathogens
risks of infection
- very young or very old age
- Poor General Health
- stress and fatigue
- indwelling medical devices
how do you break the chain of infection?
take away one of the six elements
- Antibiotics
- covering wounds
- hand hygiene
- cleanliness, Linens, glasses,
why is virulence important?
strength for disease producing potential
actual number of pathogens that enter the body
healthcare-associated infections
h a i
infections that people get while they’re in the hospital or other healthcare agencies
patient or worker
most common method of transmission for hai’s and VRE?
hands of health care workers
what is infection control?
best practices in a facility designed to decrease the chance that an infection will be spread from one person to another
- Asepsis
- Surgical asepsis
- barrier methods
- isolation precautions
how is medical asepsis achieved?
physically removing or killing pathogens
achieved through
- soap water
- antiseptics
- disinfectants
- or heat
what is the goal of medical asepsis
remove pathogenic microbes from
- surfaces
- equipment
- hands of healthcare workers
four techniques that make up medical asepsis
- sanitization,
- antisepsis,
- disinfection, a
- nd sterilization
how is sanitization practiced?
- basic cleanliness
- hand washing
- cleaning of eating utensils
- other surfaces with soap and water
- clean Linens and closing lids
how is antisepsis practiced?
- kill microbes or stop them from growing
- chemical that is capable of killing a pathogen or preventing it from growing
- used on skin or other services
- rubbing alcohol and iodine
- some soaps
