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NURSING ASSISTANTS > chapter 10 > Flashcards

chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Communicable disease

A

A disease that can be given from one person to the next

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2
Q

Microbe (microorganism)

A

A living thing that cannot be seen with the naked eye;

examples include bacteria and viruses

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3
Q

Normal (resident) flora

A

The harmless microbes that live in and on the body and

help it function properly

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4
Q

pathogens

A

Microbe that can cause illness

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5
Q

Opportunistic microbes

A

Opportunistic microbes

Microbes that are considered normal resident flora when they are in or on one part of the body,

but can cause infection if they move out of that area and into

or onto another part of the body

normal if in own part, infection if they move

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6
Q

colonies

A

Groups of bacteria

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7
Q

aerobic

A

An adjective use to describe

bacteria that need oxygen in order to live

(opp of anaerobic)

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8
Q

anaerobic

A

anaerobic

An adjective used to describe

bacteria that can survive without oxygen

an=not

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9
Q

antibodies

What

where do they come from

what do they do

A

what are antibodies?

specialized proteins

produced by the immune system

that help our bodies to fight off specific microbes,

preventing infection

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10
Q

MDROs

A

Multi-drug resistant organisms

Bacteria that are resistant to one or more classes of antimicrobial agents

bacteria resistant drug

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11
Q

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

A

A type of bacteria that has become resistant to

methicillin a powerful antibiotic

bacteria-resistant methicillin

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12
Q

Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE)

A

A type of bacteria that has become resistant to vancomycin, a powerful antibiotic

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13
Q

mdro

A

multidrug resistant organism

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14
Q

MRSA

A

methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

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15
Q

VRE

A

vancomycin resistant enterococcus

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16
Q

Infection

A

disease caused by pathogen microbes

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17
Q

Chain of infection

A

Six key cond that must be met for a person to get a communicable infection

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18
Q

contaminated

A

Adj used to describe an

object soiled by pathogens

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19
Q

fomites

A

Non living object that has been contaminated

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20
Q

vector

A

Living creature, such as an insect, that can transmit a disease

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21
Q

virulence

A

strength or disease producing potentional of a pathogen

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22
Q

HAI

A

health care associated infections

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23
Q

Health care associated infections (HAI)

A

Infections that pts and res get

while receiving tx in a hc facility

or

that hc workers get while performing their duties within a hc setting

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24
Q

Nosocomial infections

A

Infections that patients or res get while receiving treatment in a hc facility;

a type of HAI

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25
Q

Infection control

A

basic practices

designed to decrease the chance that an infection will spread

from one person to another in a healthcare setting

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26
Q

Medical asepsis

A

Techniques that are used to physically remove or kill pathogens

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27
Q

sanitization

A

practices associated with basic cleanliness

  • such as hand-washing
  • cleansing of eating utensils
  • and other surfaces
  • with soap and water and providing
  • clean Linens and clothing

one of the techniques of medical asepsis

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28
Q

antisepsis

A

Practices that kill microbes

or stop them from growing

one of the techniques of medical asepsis

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29
Q

disinfection

A

the use of strong chemicals to kill pathogens on non-living objects

  • that come in contact with body fluids or substances
  • such as bedpans
  • urinals
  • and bed tables

one of the techniques of medical asepsis

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30
Q

sterilization

A

the process of completely eliminating microbes from the surface of an object

using an autoclave or

chemicals

one of the techniques of medical asepsis

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31
Q

medical Asespsis

techniques

A

med asepsis - techniques to kill pathogens

  1. antisepsis - practices to kill microbes
  2. sanitization - basic, soap and water, hands
  3. disinfect - chemicals, kill on non living things
  4. sterilization - eliminate autoclave chemicals
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32
Q

transient flora

A

Microbes that are picked up by touching contaminated

objects or people who have an infectious disease

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33
Q

PPE

A

barriers that are worn to physically prevent microbes from reaching a healthcare provider skin or mucous membranes

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34
Q

Isolation precautions

what

who

how

why

A

guidelines based on a pathogens method of transmission

that healthcare workers follow

contain pathogen

and limit others exposure to it as much as possible

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35
Q

Standard precautions

A

Precautions that a hc worker takes with each pt

to prevent contact with bloodborne pathogens;

incl the use of barrier methods -like gloves

certain env control methods

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36
Q

Transmission based precaution

A

Precautions that a hc worker takes when a person

is known to have a disease that is transmitted in a certain way;

includes

  1. airborne prec,
  2. droplet,
  3. and contact prec
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37
Q

Airborne precautions

A

Used when caring for people infected with pathogens that can be transmitted through the air

including

  1. placing the patient in a private room with the door closed
  2. wearing a mask when caring for the patient
  3. and minimizing the amount of time the person spends out of his or her private room

air borne, private room, mask,time in room

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38
Q

(AIIR)

A

Airborne infection isolation room

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39
Q

Airborne infection isolation room (AIIR)

what

how

why

A

Single occupancy patient care room

with special ventilation and filtration systems

used to isolate persons with an Airborne infectious disease

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40
Q

Droplet precautions

A

used when caring for people infected with pathogens that can be transmitted by direct exposure to droplets

released from the mouth or nose

example

  1. cough
  2. sneeze
  3. talk
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41
Q

Contact precautions

A

used when caring for people infected with pathogens that can be transmitted directly by touching the person or indirectly by touching fomites

include using barrier methods whenever in contact with the infected person

for items contaminated with wound drainage or body substances is necessary

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42
Q

Transmission Based Precautions

A

airborne precautions

droplet precautions

contact precautions

43
Q

What is a normal or resident flora

A

harmless microbe helps human body to function properly

44
Q

What is a pathogen

A

cause illness

can be normal flora in one part of the body and a pathogen in another

example

escherichia coli usually lives in large intestine is harmless but if it gets into another part of the body where it is not normal flora like the bladder it causes an infection

45
Q

opportunistic microbe

A

is normal one place but harmful another

Becomes pathogenic

46
Q

types of microbes

A

bacteria

virus

fungi

parasites

47
Q

bacteria

what are they

A

only one cell

reproduce by dividing in half

live in colonies

48
Q

how are bacteria classified

A

classified

by Shape

the way they arrange themselves in a colony

by the way they stain or react to dye

49
Q

what are bacteria shapes

A

round equals cocci (circle, cocci)

rod-shaped= spirilla

50
Q

how are bacteria named

A
51
Q

What is aerobic bacteria

A

need oxygen to live

52
Q

what is anaerobic bacteria

A

die if oxygen is present

53
Q

where do most bacteria that caused illness live?

A

warm moist dark environments

source of nutrition in order to grow

54
Q

what is an endospore?

A

hard shell surrounds bacteria

enter state of inactivity

when growing conditions available bacterium active again

55
Q

What is special about bacteria with endospores?

A

very difficult to kill

because of protective endospores

include:

  1. strep throat,
  2. bladder infections,
  3. skin infections
56
Q

how are several rod-shaped bacteria transmitted?

A

By ticks, fleas

diseases like

  1. Rocky Mountain spotted fever
  2. and typhus
57
Q

what are viruses

A

smallest microbes

not complete cells - small bundles of protein

58
Q

how do viruses work?

A

BC not complete cells

cannot carry out normal cellular activities such as reproduction by themselves

must take over host cell

usually plant or animal cell

once inside host cell virus uses the host cell to make copies of itself

the virus and all its copies breakthrough host cells wall killing the host cell in freeing the viruses to infect other neighboring host cells

59
Q

what are progeny

A

viruses copies in cells

60
Q

what illnesses are caused by viruses?

A

cold,

fever blisters,

chickenpox,

hepatitis,

AIDS, HIV

61
Q

mad cow disease

A

Caused by C r e u t z f e l d t-jakob disease

caused by virus

62
Q

fungi

A
63
Q

group of plant-like organisms

many fungi help us

  • ringworm,
  • athlete’s foot,
  • thrush,
  • candidiasis
A
64
Q

parasites

A

live in a host plant or animal

use host for food and protection

can be transmitted from one person to another through physical contact

  • scabies
  • pediculosis (lice)

parasites transferred from one person to another through

feces or blood

65
Q

what are helminths

type of parasite

worm-like organisms that live in the human body

include pinworms, tapeworms, roundworms

transmitted by eating undercooked meet inhaling worm eggs thru feces

A

type of parasite

worm-like organisms that live in the human body

include

  • pinworms,
  • tapeworms,
  • roundworms

transmitted by eating undercooked meat

inhaling worm eggs thru feces

66
Q

protozoa

A

parasites that take in food

illnesses like

  • malaria, dysentery

from drinking contaminated water

67
Q

What is main defense mechanism?

A

healthy intact skin and mucous membranes

Prevents pathogens from entering the body

68
Q

why is intact skin and mucous system so important?

A

natural lubricants contain substances that prevent growth of pathogens

mucous membranes line all organ systems that come in contact with the outside world

cells of mucous membrane secrete mucus that creates a physical barrier by trapping and destroying pathogens

wash hands

drink water

brushed teeth

stomach acid kills microbes in food

tears have substance that kills microbes

coughing remove inhaled microbes

69
Q

what are the bodies other defences

A
  1. intact skin

2. mucous membranes line all organ systems that come in contact with the outside world

  1. wash hands
  2. drink water
  3. brushed teeth
  4. stomach acid kills microbes in food
  5. tears have substance that kills microbes
  6. coughing remove inhaled microbes
70
Q

after first defences is second defence

called

A

General immune response

inflammation response

71
Q

General immune response

inflammation response

A

way to fight off microbes if they get through the First Defense

blood vessels around the site of the infection dilate allowing more blood flow to the area

increased blood flow brings more oxygen and nutrients to the tissues

increased blood flow brings white blood cells called leukocytes

leukocytes destroy pathogens that invade the body by eating them or secreting substances that cause them to die

increase blood flow causes infected area to become red warm swollen and painful

pathogens do not like heat

fever helps destroy pathogens

72
Q

culture and sensitivity test

A

diagnostic test to find out which microbe is causing the infection

and what medication treats it

maybe

in urine

wound drainage

other bodily fluids or substances

73
Q

signs of infection

tell the nurse immediately

A
  1. Fever
  2. rapid pulse rapid respiratory rate or changes in blood pressure
  3. pain or difficulty breathing
  4. redness swelling or pain
  5. foul-smelling or cloudy urine
  6. pain or difficulty urinating
  7. diarrhea or foul-smelling feces
  8. nausea or vomiting
  9. lack of appetite
  10. skin rashes
  11. Fatigue
  12. increased confusion or disorientation
  13. any unusual discharge or drainage from the body
74
Q

non-specific defense mechanisms

A

physical barriers

General immune responses

75
Q

specific defense mechanisms

A

1.antibiotics

specialized proteins fight off specific microbes

develop antibodies following exposure to the microbe

may come from previous infection or through vaccination

  1. Antibiotics

drug that is able to kill bacteria or make it difficult for them to reproduce and grow

penicillin first WW2

3. Antimicrobials

treat fungal and parasitic infections

4. Antiviral

treat some viral infections

76
Q

what are multi drug-resistant organisms, mdro’s?

A

bacteria that are resistant to one or more classes of antibiotics

dangerous because patients do not have healthy immune systems therefore less able to fight off infections

difficult to treat because microbes are resistant to the drugs that used to treat them

77
Q

where is VRE

A

Vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE)

  • in digestive tract
  • contact with feces
78
Q

where is MRSA

A

methicillin-resistant- staphylo coccus aureus MRSA

  • found on person skin
  • transmitted easily through person-to-person contact
79
Q

what happens when antibiotics kill off good bacteria?

A
  1. they’re not destroyed by the antibiotic
  2. will grow rapidly

like c-diff

  • causes healthcare-associated diarrhea
  • spread from person to person
80
Q

what is an infection?

A

illness caused by a pathogen

can be local or small area

generalized effects large area or an organ

systemic effects the entire body

most infections are communicable

81
Q

contagious

A

infection that can be easily transmitted from one person to another through casual contact

like a cold

cold is contagious and communicable

82
Q

communicable

A

Not transmitted through casual contact

needs conditions to be met

conditions are called Chain of Infection

contagious=easily caught thru casual

communicable - not as easy, chain of infection

83
Q

chain of infection

A

pathogen

reservoir

portal of exit

method of transmission

portal of entry

susceptible host

84
Q

pathogen

A

Pathogen

microorganism capable of causing an infection must be present and strong enough and in large enough numbers to cause an infection

85
Q

reservoir

A

Reservoir

place where something is stored

collected X

humans animals food water milk objects that come in contact with an infected person secretions or bodily fluids

86
Q

portal of exit

A

portal of exit

pathogen leaves the reservoir

digestive tract,

respiratory tract,

urinary tract,

reproductive tracts,

skin

87
Q

method of transmission

A

method of transmission

pathogen needs way to get to another person

88
Q

portal of entry

A

take over a new person’s body

respiratory urinary digestive reproductive systems

Breaks in skin

89
Q

susceptible host

A

susceptible host

usually can fight off pathogens

factors put us at risk for infection

90
Q

direct transmission

A

close contact between an infected and non-infected person

inhales or ingests droplets excelled by the infected person

91
Q

indirect transmission

A

non-infected person comes in contact with a non-living object that has been contaminated by pathogens

92
Q

what is a fomite

A

non-living object contaminated by a pathogen

  • glass of water
  • sheets that have been slept on
93
Q

what does a vector do?

A

living creature that transmits protozoan and other pathogens

94
Q

risks of infection

A
  1. very young or very old age
  2. Poor General Health
  3. stress and fatigue
  4. indwelling medical devices
95
Q

how do you break the chain of infection?

A

take away one of the six elements

  1. Antibiotics
  2. covering wounds
  3. hand hygiene
  4. cleanliness, Linens, glasses,
96
Q

why is virulence important?

A

strength for disease producing potential

actual number of pathogens that enter the body

97
Q

healthcare-associated infections

h a i

A

infections that people get while they’re in the hospital or other healthcare agencies

patient or worker

98
Q

most common method of transmission for hai’s and VRE?

A

hands of health care workers

99
Q

what is infection control?

A

best practices in a facility designed to decrease the chance that an infection will be spread from one person to another

  1. Asepsis
  2. Surgical asepsis
  3. barrier methods
  4. isolation precautions
100
Q

how is medical asepsis achieved?

A

physically removing or killing pathogens

achieved through

  1. soap water
  2. antiseptics
  3. disinfectants
  4. or heat
101
Q

what is the goal of medical asepsis

A

remove pathogenic microbes from

  1. surfaces
  2. equipment
  3. hands of healthcare workers

four techniques that make up medical asepsis

  1. sanitization,
  2. antisepsis,
  3. disinfection, a
  4. nd sterilization
102
Q

how is sanitization practiced?

A
  1. basic cleanliness
  2. hand washing
  3. cleaning of eating utensils
  4. other surfaces with soap and water
  5. clean Linens and closing lids
103
Q

how is antisepsis practiced?

A
  1. kill microbes or stop them from growing
  2. chemical that is capable of killing a pathogen or preventing it from growing
  3. used on skin or other services
  4. rubbing alcohol and iodine
  5. some soaps

NURSING ASSISTANTS (12 decks)

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