Chapter 10 Flashcards
What is the definition of M phase?
Mitosis
What is the M phases divided into?
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
How do bacteria reproduce?
Binary fission
The German biologist, Walter Flemming, was the first to microscopically observe which of the following processes?
Mitosis
The cells of most eukaryotes have between ____ and ____ chromosomes, although some species can have hundreds or even thousands of chromosomes.
10
50
Chromatin is a complex with ~40% DNA and _____
~60% Protein
In bacterial cells, the replication of DNA begins at a specific site called the _____ of replication, and proceeds in both directions around the circular DNA until a specific _____ is reached.
orgin
termination
During DNA replication the chromosomes contract and the identical halves are called _____ _____.
Sister
Chromatid
How do bacteria reproduce?
Binary Fission
Typically, a dividing mammalian cell completes its cell cycle in about how many hours?
24 hours
When DNA replicates the sister chromatids are held together at their centromeres by which of the following complex of proteins?
Cohesins
During _____ which includes the G1, S and G2 phases of the cell cycle, the cell grows and chromosomes replicate in preparation for cell division.
interphase
In multicellular eukaryotic organisms, the production of new cells follows a highly regulated sequence of growth, DNA replication, and division. This sequence is referred to as the cell _____, which consists of the G1, S, G2, and M phases.
Cycle
During the five phases of _____, the replicated genetic material is partitioned into _____ new nuclei.
Mitosis
two
Condensation of chromosomes is initiated in the ____ phase of interphase and continues until the end of prophase.
G2
While preparing to divide, the cell grows and copies its chromosomes during _____.
Interphase
During prometaphase, sister chromatids attach to the spindle by their _____ , which are attached to the centromere region of each sister chromatid.
kinetochores
During _____ the chromosomes are aligned midway between the spindle poles.
metaphase
The pairs of sister chromatids align themselves in a single row along a plane half-way between the poles during which of the following phases of mitosis?
Metaphase
While preparing to divide, the cell grows and copies its chromosomes during which of the following stage?
Interphase
The shortest stage of mitosis is _____.
anaphase
During _____ the chromosomes are aligned midway between the spindle poles.
metaphase
During telophase, chromosomes uncoil to allow for gene _____.
expression
A cleavage furrow is typically formed during cytokinesis in ___ cells.
animal
During the stage of mitosis known as _____ , gene expression resumes, as chromosomes uncoil.
telophase
Cytokinesis involves the formation of a cleavage _____ in animal cells and a cell _____ in plant cells.
furrow
plate
The _____ apparatus is broken down during telophase.
spindle
If necessary (e.g., if DNA is damaged), the cell cycle can be arrested at specific points called _____.
Checkpoints
MPF is composed of two parts: a cyclin component and a ____ component.
kinase
What enzymes control the progression of cells through the cell cycle checkpoints?
Cdks
Phosphorylation within the cell cycle is performed by enzymes called
Cdks
Two irreversible points in the cell cycle are replication of ___ material and ____ of sister chromatids.
DNA
separation
The cell cycle of multicellular eukaryotes is regulated by several ____ and many different _____ signals.
Cdks
external
A _____ is a cluster of cells that have lost control of their growing.
tumor
The _____ enzymes control progression through the checkpoints in the cell cycle.
Cdk
The first tumor-suppressor gene discovered as the cause of which of the following?
Familial cancer retinoblastoma
Cdks are enzymes which regulate proteins within the cell cycle via ____.
phosphorylation
The cell _____ of multicellular eukaryotes is regulated by Cdks and external signals.
cycle
