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AP Psychology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental psychology

A

The study of the changes that occur

in people from birth through old age

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2
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

A method of studying developmental changes by comparing people of different ages at about the same time

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3
Q

Cohort

A

A group of people born during the same period in historical time

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4
Q

Longitudinal study

A

A method of studying developmental changes by evaluating the same people at different points in their lives

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5
Q

Biographical (retrospective) study

A

A method of studying developmental changes by reconstructing people’s past through interviews and inferring the effects of past events on current behaviors

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6
Q

Prenatal development

A

Development from conception to birth

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7
Q

Embryo

A

A developing human between two weeks and three months after conception

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8
Q

Fetus

A

A developing human between three months after conception and birth

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9
Q

Placenta

A

The organ by which an embryo or fetus is attached to its mother’s uterus and that nourishes it during prenatal development

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10
Q

Teratogens

A

Toxic substances such as alcohol or nicotine that cross the placenta and may result in birth defects

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11
Q

Critical period

A

A time when certain internal and external influences have a major effect on development; at other periods, the same influences will have little or no effect

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12
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

A disorder that occurs in children of women who drink alcohol during pregnancy that is characterized by facial deformities, heart defects, stunted growth, and cognitive impairments

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13
Q

Neonates

A

newborn babies

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14
Q

Rooting reflex

A

The reflex that causes a newborn baby to turn its head toward something that touches its cheek and to grope around with its mouth

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15
Q

Sucking reflex

A

The newborn baby’s tendency to suck on objects placed in the mouth

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16
Q

Swallowing relfex

A

The reflex that enables the newborn baby to swallow liquids without choking

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17
Q

Grasping reflex

A

The reflex that causes newborn babies to close their fists around anything that is put in their hands

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18
Q

Stepping reflex

A

The reflex that causes newborn babies to make little stepping motions if they are held upright with their feet just touching a surface

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19
Q

Temperament

A

Characteristic patterns of emotional reactions and emotional self-regulation

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20
Q

Developmental norms

A

Ages by which an average child achieves various developmental milestones

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21
Q

Maturation

A

An automatic biological unfolding of development in an organism as a function of the passage of time

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22
Q

Sensory-motor stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development between birth and two years of age in which the individual develops object permanence and acquires the ability to form mental representations

23
Q

Object Permanence

A

The concept that things continue to exist even when they are out of sight

24
Q

Mental representation

A

Mental images or symbols (such as words) used to think about or remember an object, a person, or an event

25
Q

Preoperational stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development between two and seven yeas of age in which the individual becomes able to use mental representations and language to describe, remember, and reason about the world, though only in and egocentric fashion

26
Q

Egocentric

A

Describes the inability to see things from another’s point of view

27
Q

Concrete-operational stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development between seven and eleven years of age in which the individual can attend to more than one thing at a time and understand someone else’s point of view, though thinking is limited to concrete matters

28
Q

Principle of conservation

A

The concept that the quantity of a substance is not altered by reversible changes in its appearance

29
Q

Formal-operational stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development between eleven and fifteen years of age in which the individual becomes capable of abstract thought

30
Q

Babbling

A

A baby’s vocalizations, consisting of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations

31
Q

Holophrases

A

One-word sentences commonly used by children under two years of age

32
Q

Language acquisition device

A

A hypothetical neural mechanism for acquiring language that is presume to be “wired into” all humans

33
Q

Imprinting

A

The tendency in certain species to follow the first moving thing (usually its mother) it sees after it is born or hatched

34
Q

Attachment

A

Emotional bond that develops in the first year of life that makes human babies cling to their caregivers for safety and comfort

35
Q

Autonomy

A

Sense of independence; a desire not to be controlled by others

36
Q

Socialization

A

Process by which children learn the behaviors and attitudes appropriate to their family and culture

37
Q

Solitary play

A

A child engaged in a recreational activity alone; the earliest form of play

38
Q

Parallel play

A

Two children playing side by side at similar activities but paying little or no attention to each other; the earliest kind of social interaction between toddlers

39
Q

Cooperative play

A

Two or more children engaged in play that requires interaction (usually develops around three to three and a half years old)

40
Q

Peer group

A

A network of same-aged friends and acquaintances who give one another emotional and social support

41
Q

Nonshared environment

A

The unique aspects of the environment that are experienced differently by siblings even though they are reared in the same family

42
Q

Gender identity

A

A little girl’s knowledge that she is a girl, and a little boy’s knowledge that he is a boy

43
Q

Gender constancy

A

The realization that gender does not change with age

44
Q

Gender-role awareness

A

Knowledge of what behavior is appropriate for each gender

45
Q

Gender stereotypes

A

General beliefs about characteristics that men and women are presumed to have

46
Q

Sex-type behavior

A

Socially prescribed ways of behaving that differ for boys and girls

47
Q

Growth spurt

A

A rapid increase in height and weight that occurs during adolescence

48
Q

Puberty

A

The onset of sexual maturation, with accompanying physical development

49
Q

Menarche

A

First menstrual period

50
Q

Imaginary audience

A

Elkind’s term for adolescents’ delusion that they are constantly being observed by others

51
Q

Personal fable

A

Elkind’s term for adolescents’ delusions that they are unique, very important, and invulnerable

52
Q

Identity formation

A

Erikson’s term for the development of a stable sense of self necessary to make the transition from dependence on others to dependence on oneself

53
Q

Identity crisis

A

A period of intense self-examination and decision making; part of the process of identity formation

54
Q

Cliques

A

Groups of adolescents with similar interests and strong mutual attachment

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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