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AP Psychology > 3 Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

3 Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

the experience of sensory stimulation

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2
Q

Perception

A

the process of creating meaningful patterns from raw sensory information

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3
Q

Receptor cell

A

a special cell that responds to a particular type of energy

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4
Q

Absolute threshold

A

the least amount of energy that can be detected 50% of the time

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5
Q

Adaptation

A

an adjustment of the senses to the level of stimulation they are receiving

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6
Q

Difference threshold (just noticeable difference)

A

the smallest change in stimulation that can be detected 50% of the time

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7
Q

Weber’s law

A

the principle that the jnd for any given sense is a constant fraction or proportion of the stimulation being judged

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8
Q

Cornea

A

the transparent protective coating over the front part of the eye

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9
Q

Pupil

A

a small opening in the iris through which light enters the eye

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10
Q

Iris

A

the colored part of the eye

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11
Q

Lens

A

the transparent part of the eye inside the pupil that focuses light onto the retina

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12
Q

Retina

A

the lining of the eye containing receptor cells that are sensitive to light

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13
Q

Blind spot

A

the place on the retina where the axons of all the ganglion cells leave the eye and where there are no receptors

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14
Q

Fovea

A

the area of the retina that is the center of the visual field

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15
Q

Light

A

the small segment of the electromagnetic spectrum to which our eyes are sensitive

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16
Q

Rods

A

receptor cells in the responsible for night vision and perception of brightness

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17
Q

Cones

A

receptor cells in the retina responsible for color vision

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18
Q

Bipolar cells

A

Neurons that have only one axon and one dendrite; in the eye, these neurons connect the receptors on the retina to the ganglion cells

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19
Q

Visual acuity

A

the ability to distinguish fine details visually

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20
Q

Dark adaptation

A

increased sensitivity of rods and cones in darkness

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21
Q

Light adaptation

A

decreased sensitivity of rods and cones in bright light

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22
Q

Afterimage

A

sense experience that occurs after a visual stimulus has been removed

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23
Q

Ganglion cells

A

neurons that connect the bipolar cells in the eye to the brain

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24
Q

Optic nerve

A

the bundle of axons of ganglion cells that carries the messages from each eye to the brain

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25
Q

Optic chiasm

A

the point near the base of the brain where some fibers in the optic nerve from each eye cross to the other side of the brain

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26
Q

Feature detectors

A

specialized brain cells that only respond to particular elements in the visual field such as movement or lines of specific orientation

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27
Q

Hue

A

the aspect of color that corresponds to names such as red, green, and blue

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28
Q

Saturation

A

the vividness or richness of a hue

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29
Q

Brightness

A

the nearness of a color to white as opposed to black

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30
Q

Additive color mixing

A

the process of mixing lights of different wavelengths to create new hues

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31
Q

Subtractive color mixing

A

the process of mixing pigments, each of which absorbs some wavelengths of light and reflects others

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32
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

the theory of color vision that holds that all color perception derives from three different color receptors in the retina (usually red, green, and blue receptors)

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33
Q

Trichromats

A

people who have normal color vision

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34
Q

Color blindness

A

Partial or total inability to see hues

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35
Q

Dichromats

A

People who are blind to either red-green or yellow-blue

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36
Q

Monochromats

A

people who are totally color blind

37
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

Theory of color vision that holds that three sets of color receptors (yellow-blue, red-green, and black-white) respond to determine the color you experience

38
Q

Sound

A

A psychological experience created by the brain in response to changes in air pressure that are received by the auditory system

39
Q

Sound waves

A

Changes in pressure caused when molecules of air or fluid collide with one another and then move apart again

40
Q

Frequency

A

the number of cycles per second in a wave; in sound, the primary determinant of pitch

41
Q

Hertz (Hz)

A

Cycles per second; unit of measurement for the frequency of sound waves

42
Q

Pitch

A

Auditory experience corresponding primarily to frequency of sound vibrations, resulting in a higher or lower tone

43
Q

Amplitude

A

the magnitude of a sound wave; in sound, the primary determinant of loudness

44
Q

Decibel

A

unit of measurement fir the loudness of sounds

45
Q

Overtones

A

Tones that result from sound waves that are multiples of the basic tone; primary determinant of timbre

46
Q

Timbre

A

The quality or texture of sound; caused by overtones

47
Q

Hammer, anvil, stirrup

A

the three small bones in the middle ear that relay vibrations of the eardrum to the inner ear

48
Q

Oval window

A

Membrane across the opening between the middle ear and inner ear that conducts vibrations to the cochlea

49
Q

Cochlea

A

part of the inner ear containing fluid that vibrates, which in turn causes the basilar membrane to vibrate

50
Q

Basilar membrane

A

vibrating membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear; it contains sense receptors for sound

51
Q

Organ of Corti

A

structure on the surface of the basilar membrane that contains the receptor cells for hearing

52
Q

Place theory

A

Theory that pitch is determined by the location of greatest vibration on the basilar membrane

53
Q

Frequency theory

A

theory that pitch is determined by the frequency with which hair cells in the cochlea fire

54
Q

Volley principle

A

Refinement of frequency theory; it suggests that receptors in the ear fire in sequence, with one group responding, then a second, then a third, and so on, so that the complete pattern of firing corresponds to the frequency of the sound wave

55
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

Nasal membranes containing receptor cells sensitive to odors

56
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

the smell center in the brain

57
Q

Pheromones

A

chemical molecules that communicate information to other members of a species, and influence their behavior

58
Q

Vomeronasal organ (VNO)

A

location of receptors for pheromones in the roof of the nasal cavity

59
Q

Taste buds

A

structures on the tongue that contain the receptor cells for taste

60
Q

Papillae

A

small bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds

61
Q

Kinesthetic sense

A

senses of muscle movement, posture, and strain in muscles and joints

62
Q

Stretch receptors

A

receptors that sense muscle stretch and contraction

63
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

receptors that sense movement of the tendons, which connect muscle to bone

64
Q

Vestibular senses

A

the senses of equilibrium and body position in space

65
Q

Vestibular sacs

A

sacs in the inner ear that sense gravitation and forward, backward, and vertical movement

66
Q

Gate control theory

A

the theory that a “neurological gate” in the spinal cord controls the transmission of pain messages to the brain

67
Q

Biopsychosocial theory

A

the theory that the interaction of biological, psychological, and cultural factors influence the intensity and duration of pain

68
Q

Placebo effect

A

pain relief that occurs when a person believes a pill of procedure will reduce pain. The actual cause of the relief seems to come from endorphins

69
Q

Figure

A

entity perceived to stand apart from the background

70
Q

Ground

A

background against which a figure appears

71
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

a tendency to perceive objects as stable and unchanging despite changes in sensory stimulation

72
Q

Size constancy

A

the perception of an object as the same size regardless of the distance from which it is viewed

73
Q

Shape constancy

A

tendency to see an object as the same shape no matter what angle it is viewed from

74
Q

Color constancy

A

an inclination to perceive familiar objects as retaining their color despite changes in sensory information

75
Q

Monocular cues

A

visual cues requiring the use of one eye

76
Q

Binocular cues

A

visual cues requiring the use of both eyes

77
Q

Aerial perspective

A

monocular cue to distance and depth based on the fact that more distant objects are likely to appear hazy and blurred

78
Q

Texture gradient

A

monocular cue to distance and depth based on the fact that objects seen at greater distances appear smoother and less textured

79
Q

Linear perspective

A

monocular cue to distance and depth based on the fact that two parallel lines seem to come together at the horizon

80
Q

Motion parallax

A

Monocular distance cue in which objects closer than the point of visual focus seem to move in the direction opposite to the viewer’s moving head, and objects beyond the focus point appear to move in the same direction as the viewer’s head

81
Q

Stereoscopic vision

A

combination of two retinal images to give a three-dimensional perceptual experience

82
Q

Retinal disparity

A

binocular distance cue based on the difference between the images cast on the two retinas when both eyes are focused on the same object

83
Q

Convergence

A

A visual depth cue that comes from muscles controlling eye movement as the eyes turn inward to view a nearby stimulus

84
Q

Monaural cue

A

cue to sound location that requires only one ear

85
Q

Binaural cue

A

cue to sound location that involves both ears working together

86
Q

Autokinetic illusion

A

perception that stationary object is moving

87
Q

Stroboscopic motion

A

apparent movement that results from flashing a series of still pictures in rapid succession, as in a motion picture

88
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

apparent movement caused by flashing lights in sequence

89
Q

Perceptual illusion

A

illusion due to misleading cues in stimuli that give rise to inaccurate or impossible perceptions

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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