Chapter 10 Flashcards
What is the psychosocial accomplishment most closely associated with ages 2-6?
Emotional Regulation (the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed) is the preeminent psychosocial task between ages 2 and 6.
What are externalizing versus internalizing problems? What are the gender differences are related to these problems?
Externalizing problems: Difficulty with emotional regulation that involves expressing powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts
§ Their powerful feelings bust out uncontrollably
o Internalizing problems: difficulty with emotional regulation that involves turning one’s emotional distress inward, as by feeling excessively guilty ashamed or worthless
§ They are fearful and withdrawn, turning distress inward
o Sex differences in internalizing and externalizing behavior are traditionally assumed to be biological, perhaps hormonal, but cultural explanations are also possible
§ Teach boys to avoid crying (be a man)
What are the 4 parenting styles?
Authoritarian parenting: high behavioral standards, strict punishment for misconduct and little communication
o Permissive parenting: High nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance or controlled (also called indulgent parenting)
o Authoritative parenting: Parents set limits but listen to the child and are flexible
o Neglectful/uninvolved parenting: indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their children’s lives
Problems with Baumrind’s styles
§ her participants in the study were not diverse
§ she focused more on adult’s attitudes than actions
§ overlooked children’s temperamental differences
§ did not recognize some authoritarian parents are also affectionate
§ did not realize that some permissive parents provide extensive verbal guidance
Know the 4 dimensions of parenting style.
Expressions of warmth
Strategies for discipline
Communication
Expectations for maturity
What are the 4 types of aggression? What would an example be of each?
Instrumental aggression: behavior that hurts someone else because the aggressor wants to get or keep a possession or a privilege
§ More typical at age 2, crying hitting resisting the grab of a child
o Reactive aggression: an impulsive verbal or physical retaliation for another person’s intentional or accidental action
§ React when hurt whether deliberate or not
o Relational aggression: (usually verbal) nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people
§ “you can’t be my friend” or “you are fat”
o Bullying aggression: unprovoked repeated physical or verbal attacks especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves
What are the discipline strategies used in the U.S. by parents? What does each entail?
Corporal punishment (physical punishment): punishment that physically hurts the body, such as slapping or spanking
o Psychological control: a disciplinary technique that involves threatening to withdraw love and support and that relies on child’s feelings of guilt and gratitude to the parents
o Time-out: A child is separated from other people for a specified time
§ Usually combined with- induction: The parent tries to get the child to understand why a certain behavior was wrong. Listening not lecturing
How would teaching a child emotional regulation strategy such as the ones discussed in class help them to learn to understand and control or regulate their own emotions?
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