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Anatomy > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

0
Q
  1. Movement
  2. Maintain posture
  3. Support soft tissue
  4. Guard entrances and exits
  5. Maintain body temperature
  6. Store nutrient reserves
A

6 functions of skeletal muscle

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1
Q

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

A

3 tissue types

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2
Q

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

A

3 muscle layers

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3
Q

Exterior collagen fibers
Connected to deep fascia
Separates muscle from surrounding tissues

A

Epimysium

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4
Q

Surrounds muscle fiber bundles (fascicles)

Contains blood vessel and nerve supply to fascicles

A

Perimysium

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5
Q

Surrounds individual muscle cells
Contains capillaries and nerve fibers
Contacting muscle cells
Contains myosatelite cells (stem cells)

A

Endomysium

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6
Q

Very long
Develop through fusion of mesodermal cells (myoblasts)
Become very large
Contain hundreds of nuclei

A

Skeletal muscle cells

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7
Q

The cell membrane of muscle fibers
Surrounds the sarcoplasm
A change in transmembrane potential begins contractions( causes contractions)

A

The sarcolemma

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8
Q

Transmit action potential through cell
Allow entire muscle fiber to contract simultaneously
Have same properties as sarcolemma

A

The transverse tubules

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9
Q

Lengthwise subdivisions within muscle fibers.
Made up of bundles of protein filaments.
Myofilaments are responsible for muscle contractions.

A

Myofibrils

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10
Q 
Thin filaments (made of actin)
Thick filaments (made of myosin)
A

Type of myofilaments

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11
Q

A membranous structure surrounding each myofibril.
Helps transmit action potential to myofibril.
Similar structure to smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Forma chambers (terminal cisternae)
Attached to t tubules

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

Concentrate Ca2

Release Ca2 into sarcomeres to begin muscle contraction

A

Cisternae

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13
Q

The contractile units of muscle
Structural units of myofibrils
Form visible patterns within myofibrils
A striped or striated pattern within myofibrils

A

Sarcomeres

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14
Q

Strands of protein
Reach from tips of thick filaments to the z line
Stabilize the filaments

A

Titin

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15
Q

Two twisted rows of globular g actin

The active sites of g actin strands bind to myosin

A

F actin

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16
Q

Calcium binds to receptor on troponin molecule.
Troponin-tropomyosin complex changes.
Exposes active site of f actin.

A

Initiating contraction

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17
Q

Thin filaments of sarcomere slide toward m line, alongside thick filaments.
The width of a zone stays the same.
Z lines move closer together.

A

Sliding filament theory

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18
Q

Special intercellular connection between the nervous system and skeletal muscle fibers.
Controls calcium ion release into the sarcoplasm

A

Neuromuscular junction

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19
Q

A fixed muscular contraction after death.

A

Rigor Mortis

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20
Q

The action potential moves through sarcolemma

Causing calcium release

A

Latent period

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21
Q

Calcium ions bond

Tension builds to peak

A

Contraction phase

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22
Q

Calcium levels fall

Active sites are covered and tension falls to resting levels

A

Relaxation phase

23
Q

A stair step increase in twitch tension
Repeated stimulations immediately after relaxation phase
Stimulates frequency <50 seconds

A

Treppe

24
Q

Increasing tension or summation of twitches
Repeated stimulations before the end of relaxation phase
Stimulus frequency >50 seconds

A

Wave summation

25
Q

Twitches reach maximum tension

If rapid stimulation continues and muscle is not allowed to relax, twitches reach max level of tension

A

Incomplete tetanus

26
Q

If stimulation frequency is high enough, muscle never begins to relax, and is in continuous contraction

A

Complete tetanus

27
Q

The normal tension and firmness of a muscle at rest

Muscle units actively maintain body position, without motion

A

Muscle tone

28
Q

If muscle tension > load, the muscle shortens (concentric)

If muscle tension < load, the muscle lengthens (eccentric)

A

Isotonic contraction

29
Q

Skeletal muscle develops tension, but is prevented from changing length
Iso= same metric= measure

A

Isometric contraction

30
Q

The pull of elastic elements (tendons and ligaments)

Expands the sarcomeres to resting length

A

Elastic forces

31
Q

Reverse the direction of the original motion

Are the work of opposing skeletal muscle pairs

A

Opposing muscle contractions

32
Q

Can take the place of opposing muscle contraction to return a muscle to its resting state

A

Gravity

33
Q

The active energy model

A

ATP

34
Q

The storage molecule for excess ATP energy in resting muscle

A

CP

35
Q

Cells produce ATP in two ways

  1. Aerobic metabolism of fatty acids in the mitochondria
  2. Anaerobic glycolysis in the cytoplasm
A

ATP generation

36
Q

Is the primary energy source of resting muscles
Breaks down fatty acids
Produces 34 ATP molecules per glucose molecule

A

Aerobic metabolism

37
Q

Is the primary energy source for peak muscular activity
Produces two ATP molecules per molecule of glucose
Breaks down glucose from glycogen stored in skeletal muscles

A

Glycolysis

38
Q

When muscles can no longer perform a required activity, they are fatigued

A

Muscle fatigue

39
Q

The removal and recycling of lactic acid by the liver
Liver converts lactate to pyruvate
Glucose is released to recharge muscle glycogen reserves

A

The Cori cycle

40
Q

After exercise or other exertion
The body needs more oxygen than usual to normalize metabolic activities
Resulting in heavy breathing
Also called excess post exercise oxygen consumption

A

Oxygen debt

41
Q

Fast
Slow
Intermediate

A

Types of skeletal muscle fibers

42
Q

Contract very quickly

A

Fast fibers

43
Q

Are slow to contract, slow to fatigue

A

Slow fibers

44
Q

Are mid sized

Have low myoglobin

A

Intermediate fibers

45
Q

Mostly fast fibers

Pale

A

White muscle

46
Q

Mostly slow fibers

Dark

A

Red muscles

47
Q

Mixed fibers

Pink

A

Most human muscles

48
Q

Muscle growth from heavy trained

Toned muscles

A

Muscle hypertrophy

49
Q

Lack of muscle activity

Reduces muscle size, tone, and power

A

Muscle atrophy

50
Q 
Striated 
Are small
Have a single nucleus 
Have short, wide T tubules 
Have intercalated discs
A

Cardiac muscle tissue

51
Q

Contraction without neural stimulation

Controlled by pacemaker cells

A

Automaticity

52
Q

Forms around other tissues
Arrector pili muscles cause goose bumps
In blood vessels and airways
Regulates blood pressure and airflow

A

Smooth muscle

53
Q

Nonstriated tissue

Different internal organization of actin and myosin

A

Smooth muscle

54
Q

Long slender and spindle shaped
Single nucleus
No T tubules, myofibrils, or sarcomeres
Myosin fibers have more heads per thick filaments
Have thin filaments attached to dense bodies which transmit contractions from cell to cell

A

Smooth muscle characteristics

55
Q

Maintains normal level of activity

Modified by neural, hormonal, or chemical factors

A

Smooth muscle tone

Anatomy (6 decks)

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