Chapter 10 Flashcards
What are vitamins measured in?
Micrograms and Milligrams
What are the types of vitamin B’s?
Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, biotin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B6, folate, choline, and vitamin B12.
Water-Soluble Vitamins Absorption
Directly into the blood
Water-Soluble Vitamins Transport
Travel freely
Water-Soluble Vitamins Storage
Circulate freely in water-filled parts of the body
Water-Soluble Vitamins Excretion
Kidneys detect and remove excess in urine.
B vitamins such as thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, biotin, and pantothenic acid form part of what?
They form part of the coenzymes that assist enzymes in the release of energy from carbohydrates, fat, and protein. The vitamin portion of a coenzyme allows a chemical reaction to occur.
How does thiamin(vitamin B1) plays a role in energy metabolism?
Thiamin is the vitamin part of the coenzyme TPP(thiamin pyrophosphate) which helps convert a 5-carbon compound to a 4-carbon compound.
What type of people is thiamin deficiency is most common among?
Malnourished, homeless, people with empty-kcalorie foods and beverages, and like four out of five people who abuse alcohol since alcohol impairs thiamin absorption and can damage the brain and impair it’s function.
Beriberi
The thiamin-deficiency disease characterized by muscles weakness, edema, or both.
Dry and Wet Beriberi
Dry beriberi - reflects damage to the nervous system and is characterized by muscles weakness in the arms and legs.
Wet beriberi - reflects damage to the cardiovascular system and is characterized by dilated blood vessels, which cause the heart it to overwork and the kidneys to retain salt and water, resulting in edema.
Thiamin Food Sources and RDA
•Pork; whole-grain and fortified or enriched grain products.
Cornflakes, fortified, tomato juice, pork, soy milk, squash, and acorn.
• RDA - Men (1.2mg/day) and Women (1.1mg/day)
Thiamin Deficiency Symptoms
Heart enlargement and failure; muscular weakness, neurological disturbances (apathy, poor short-term memory, confusion, irritability); anorexia, weight loss.
Thiamin Toxicity symptoms
None reported
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
• Riboflavin forms coenzymes FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide). FAD picks up two hydrogens from the TCA cycle and deliver them to the electron transport chain.
•Deficiency symptoms - Sore throat; cracks and redness at corners of mouth
•RDA - Men (1.3mg/day) and Women (1.1mg/day)
•Food sources: Milk products (yogurt, cheese).
•Toxicity symptoms - None reported
Niacin (Vitamin B3)
•Protects against neurological degeneration.
•Deficiency disease - Pellagra (diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia).
•Deficiency symptoms - Diarrhea, constipation, fatigue, loss of memory, depression, etc.
•Toxicity Symptoms - Painful flush, hives, and rash; impaired glucose tolerance.
•Food sources - Meat, poultry, fish, and nuts (most protein foods).
•RDA - Men (16mg/day) and Women (14mg/day)
•UL - adults (35mg/day)
Biotin
•It participates in gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and the breakdown of amino acids.
•Deficiency Symptoms - Neurological disturbances (depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numb or tingling sensation in the arms and legs); red, scaly rash around the eyes, nose, and mouth, hair loss.
•Toxicity Symptoms - None reported
•AI - adults 30μg/ day
•Food sources - Widespread in natural foods (ex. Egg yolks); also produced by GI bacteria
Pantothenic Acid
•Part of the chemical structure of coenzyme A, the same CoA that forms acetyl CoA.
•Deficiency Symptoms - stomach cramps; neurological disturbances (restlessness); hypoglycemia, increased sensitivity to insulin, and muscle cramps.
•Toxicity Symptoms - None reported
•Significant Sources - Widespread in foods (ex. Beef, poultry, potatoes, broccoli, tomatoes, and whole grains.)
•AI - adults 5mg/day
Vitamin B6
•Chief Functions in the Body - Part of coenzymes PLP (pyridoxal phosphate) and PMP (pyridoxamine phosphate) used in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism and helps to make red blood cells.
•Deficiency Symptoms - Scaly dermatitis; microcytic anemia; depression, confusion; convulsions.
•Toxicity Symptoms - Irritability, headaches, nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness leading to an inability to walk and convulsions; skin lesions.
•Significant Sources - Meats, fish, poultry; potatoes and other starchy vegetables; noncitrus fruits.
•RDA - Adults (19-50 yr): 1.3 mg/day
•UL - Adults: 100 mg/day
Folate
•Chief Functions in the Body - Part of coenzymes THE (tetrahydrofolate) and
DHF (dihydrofolate) used in DNA synthesis and therefore important in new cell formation; activates vitamin B12.
•Deficiency Symptoms - Anemia (macrocytic); neurological disturbances (mental confusion, weakness, and fatigue.
•Toxicity Symptoms - Masks vitamin B12 -deficiency symptoms.
•Significant Sources - Dark green and leafy vegetables, legumes, and fruits.
•RDA - Adults: 400μg /day
•UL - Adults: 1000μg/day
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
•Functions in the body- Used in new cell synthesis; helps to maintain nerve
cells; activates folate; helps to break down some fatty acids and amino
acids.
•Deficiency Symptoms - Sore tongue, loss of appetite, constipation.
•Deficiency Disease- Pernicious anemia
•Toxicity Symptoms- None reported
•Significant Sources- Foods of animal origin (meat, fish, poultry, shellfish, milk, cheese, eggs), fortified foods.
•RDA - adults 2.4μg/day
Choline
•Functions in the body- Body
Needed for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
•Deficiency Symptoms- Liver damage
•Toxicity Symptoms-Fishy body odor, sweating, salivation, low blood pressure, liver damage.
•Significant Sources- Milk, liver, eggs, peanuts.
•AI - Men: 550 mg/day and Women: 425 mg/day.
•UL - Adults: 3500 mg/day
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
•Roles - Act as an antioxidant, as a cofactor in collagen formation, in the prevention and treatment of the common cold and disease prevention.
•Scurvy - the vitamin C deficiency disease. Can be cured by raising vitamin C doses to 100 milligrams per day.
•Deficiency Symptoms- Pinpoint hemorrhages; joint pain; poor wound healing, inflamed and bleeding gums.
•Toxicity symptoms- Diarrhea, nausea, headache, vomiting, etc.
•RDA - Women 75mg/day, Men 90mg/day, and smokers an additional 35mg/day.
•Significant Sources- Citrus fruits and juices, tomatoes, potatoes, and tomato juice, other vegetables (such as brussels sprouts, cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, and spinach) and fruits (such as strawberries).
For folate/folic acid, know which form is more bioavailable.
Folic acid
In what form should we consume most vitamins?
Through food
Which deficiency disease produces the symptoms known as the “four Ds”?
Pellagra
Which health problem results from a folate deficiency?
The production of red blood cells falters.
Which method of food production is NOT destructive to pantothenic acid?
Microwaving
How and where are water soluble vitamins absorbed and transported?
They are absorbed in the small intestine and are transported to the bloodstream.
