Chapter 1: The Emergence of Modern Europe Flashcards
Papal authority
- Generally decreased at end of Middle Ages
- Philip the Fair of France challenged Pope Boniface VIII’s power who resisted with Unam Sanctam
- France retaliated by taking Boniface prisoner
Avignon Papacy
- Also known as Babylonian captivity
- Substantially controlled by French monarchy
Great Schism
Two popes (one French and one Italian) were elected and each claimed to lead the Church; countries took sides
Council of Pisa
A council of clergy met, deposed the two popes, and elected a new one; however, neither of the other two gave up their power, and there were then three popes.
Council of Constance
A new pope, Martin V, was agreed on by all, ending the schism; he reigned from Rome.
John Wycliffe
- English scholar
- Taught that the Bible is the only source of doctrine
- Rejected pope and church hierarchy, with certain teachings
- Followers known as Lollards
- Suppressed
John Hus
- Bohemian scholar
- Embraced Wycliffe’s ideas
- Led revolt with followers, Hussites; both religious and national
- Burned at stake by Council of Constance
Black Death
- Killed many
- Hurt serfdom
- Increased superstition and hysteria
Hundred Years’ War
Weakened English and French monarchies
Wars of the Roses
- York vs. Lancaster
- Brief York advantage under Edward IV
- Ultimate Lancastrian victory under Henry Tudor following Battle of Bosworth Field
Henry VII
- Favored middle class
- Greatly reduced need for and power of Parliament
- Maintained good foreign relations to avoid war
Louis XI
- Strengthened monarchy
- Preferred diplomacy, but war was inevitable
Ferdinand and Isabella
- Marriage united Aragon and Castile
- Strengthened monarchy
Inquisition
Spanish effort to punish those deemed religiously (or politically) undesirable with torture and execution
Golden Bull
Provided that Holy Roman Emperor would be chosen by electors; gave princes great autonomy
