Chapter 1 Summary Flashcards
Science
Logical Inquiry based on experimentations
Hypothesis
idea or principle to be tested in experiments
Experiment
Series of tests of the hypothesis; a controlled experiment eliminates biases or outside influences
Theory
a hypothesis that has been proved by experiments to have a high degree of confidence
Law
A theory that has an unusually high level of confidence
Process of science
active and changing as new experiments add new knowledge
Science Affected By
cultuer, culture by society
Anatomy
science of the structure of an organism and the relationship of its parts
Gross Anatomy
Study of the body and its parts relying only on the naked eye as a tool for observation
Microscopic Anatomy
study of body parts with a microscope
cytology
study of cells
histology
study of tissues
development anatomy
study of human growth and development
pathological anatomy
study of diseased body structures
systemic anatomy
study of the body by systems
phsyiology
science of the functions of organisms; subdivisions according to (organism level or organizational level)
Organism involed
human or plant physiology
organizational level
molecular or cellular physiology
systemic function
respiratory physiology, neurophysiology,cardiovascular physiology
Autopoiesis
living organisms are self-organized and self-maintaining
Cell theory
if its made of one or more cells, it is alive
Metabolism
all complex chemical reactions that drive life; anabolism, catabolism, synthesis, homeostasis
Anabolism
to build
Catabolism
to break doqn
Synthesis
converting non-self into self
homeostasis
living habitat
Characteristics of living things
Autopoietic, cellular, cell theory, exhibit metabolism, growth and reproduction, responsiveness, adaptation
Chemical level of organization
all living things are composed of atoms and molecules (in cytoplasm)
Organelle level
Mitochondria, nucleus, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum (parts of cells)
Cellular level
Cell has nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm within a limiting membrane. Smallest and most numerous units that possess and exhibit charecteristics of life. perform different functions
Tissue Level
Organization of similar cells specialized to perform certain function, surrounded by nonliving matrix
Four major tissue types
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue
Organ level
organization of several kinds of tissues to perform a specific function, Represent discrete and functionally complex operational units.
Organ System
varying numbers and kinds of organs arranged to perform complex functions (organism, population, community, ecosystem
Integumentary
Function: Barrier
Example: skin and its appendages
Skeletal
Function:support, protection
Ex. Bones and cartilage
Muscular
Function: movement and support
Ex. Muscles
Nervous
Short term, in charge
Function: communication (electro-chemical control)
Example: CNS PNS (central nervous system, peripheral nervous system)
Endocrine
(Long term)
function: chemical communication control
example: glands, hormones, (message system)
Cariovascular
Function: transportation, circulation
Example: heart, blood vessels, blood
Lymphatic
Function: fluid balance, immunity
Example: spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes
Immune
Function: defense, protection
example: involves the inpot of many different systems
Respiratory
Function: gas exchange
Example: lungs
Digestive
Function: digestive, absorption, excretion
Example: Mouth, stomach, intestines
Urinary
Function: water homeostasis, filtration,
Example: kidneys
Reproductive
Function: gamete production, gestation,
ex: gonads, genitals
Systems of the Body
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, control,endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
Mediastinum
Heart, trachea, right and left bronchi, esophagus, thymus gland, aortic arch and thoracic aorta, venae cavae, various lymph nodes and nerves, thoracic duct
Thoracic Cavity
Right and Left Pleural Cavities, Mediastinum
AbsominoPevlic Cavity
Abdominal Cavity, Pelvic Cavity
Abdominal Cavity
Liver, Gallbladder, stomach, pancreas, intestines, spleen, kidneys, ureters
Pelvic Cavity
Urinary bladder, female reproductive organs, uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries, male reproductive organs, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, parts of vas deference, part of a large intestine, namely, sigmoid colon and rectum
Homeostasis
Maintained through feedback control loops (negative and positive) temperature (regulation of blood solutes [co2 or glucose] hormonal regulation)
Negative Feedback Control Loops
Inhibitory
produce an action opposite to the change that activated the system (like a thermostat) (pH, hormone levels, blood glucose levels, temperature)
Positive Feedback Loops
stimulatory, amplify or reinforce the change that is occurring, tend to produce (sneezing, blood clotting, orgasm, child birth)
