Chapter 1: Study Guide Flashcards
systemic error
causes data to be either smaller or larger than the true value. Systematic error can be caused by
problems of the measuring device, impurities of the chemicals, incorrect use or calibration of the
measuring device, etc. Systematic error can and should be eliminated.
extensive property
depends on the quantity of a substance
what do all chemical reactions involve
All chemical reactions involve either a
gain or loss of energy (if the chemicals lose a certain amount of energy, the surroundings gain that
amount of energy, often in the form of heat).
scientific theory
a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that has
been repeatedly tested and confirmed through observation and experimentation.
Chemistry
the study of matter and the changes it undergoes.
heterogeneous mixtures…
are not uniform and
have separate phases or chunks.
A chemical property can only be observed when…
can only be observed through a chemical reaction (resulting in a
change in composition of the substance).
internal energy
refers to energy inside an object (i.e. the energy of the object’s atoms,
bonds, intermolecular forces, and other microscopic aspects).
intensive property
does not
depend on the quantity
Mass
describes the quantity of matter in an
object
Scientific Method
involves observation, experimentation, analysis, and collaboration in order to
find the patterns of the natural universe. The scientific method is not a recipe; it doesn’t always look
the same. It requires creativity, curiosity, and perseverance.
heat
the transfer of thermal energy.
precision
Precision is a measure of the agreement between replicate measurements.
thermal energy
internal kinetic energy
(i.e. the energy of
motion of atoms).
specific heat formula, and state what each letter means
q = mc∆T q= heat energy gained or lost by a substance m= mass(grams) c= specific heat capacity ∆T= change in temperature
Error
a measurement refers to the uncertainty of the measurement, NOT an experimental mistake.
potential energy
the energy of position
energy
the ability to do work to accomplish some change.
temperature
a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms in a
substance.
chemical change
(which is the same as a chemical reaction), the initial substance(s) are converted
into different substance(s) by changing how or with what atoms are bonded, but the total number and
type of atoms remains the same.
a mixture
the combination of two or more substances that maintain their own identity
Random Error
unavoidable error caused by the limited ability of real measuring devices. Random
error can be reduced but not eliminated by averaging multiple measurements.
equation to find °C
°C = (°F – 32) / 1.8
external energy
refers to the energy of
the whole object’s position and motion.
scientific hypothesis
an attempt to explain an observation.
uncertainty
the degree of doubt in a single measurement. It can be expressed as ± the uncertainty.
This way of expressing uncertainty can be cumbersome, so scientists often use significant figures
instead.
homogeneous mixtures…
are uniform throughout
what does every measured quantity consist of
Every measured quantity consists of a number, its uncertainty, and its units.
energy cant be created or destroyed except when?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but only
converted from one form to another (with a loss of usefulness).
kinetic energy
the energy of motion
what are the other states of matter besides gas, solid and liquid
There are
other states of matter that you will not be tested on, such as plasma, supercritical fluid, liquid crystal,
super fluid, Bose–Einstein condensate, degenerate matter, strange matter, nuclear pasta, and more.
physical change
produces a recognizable difference in the appearance of a substance without
causing any change in its composition or identity. (e.g. any phase change, such as freezing, boiling,
dissolving, etc.)
equation to find kelvin
Kelvin = °C + 273
weight
, depends on gravity (weight = mass × acceleration due to gravity).
Mass cannot be created or destroyed.
density formula
d = m / V
physical property
can be observed or measured without changing the composition or identity of a
substance,
what is all matter
is either a pure substance or a mixture.
What is a change between three states of matter
a reversible physical change.
pure substance
has only one component, which
may be an element (on the periodic table) or a compound (made of two or more different elements in
fixed ratios).
Matter
anything that has mass and occupies space.
Accuracy
the degree of agreement between the true value and the measured value.
scientific law
a concise verbal statement or mathematical equation that summarizes a large
amount of repeated experimental observations.
What’s the significant figures rule for multiplication and division
Round answer to LEAST number of significant figures in the problem
What’s the rule for significant figures when adding and subtracting
Answer Has to have to have the same number of significant figures AFTER the decimal.
(Don’t forget the last number after the decimal is an uncertainty and doesn’t count)
What’s the equation to solve for Celsius when you know Kelvin?
C= k-273
What’s the equation to solve for Fahrenheit when you know Celsius?
F=(C•1.8)+32
