Chapter 1: Study Guide

Question 1

systemic error

Answer 1

causes data to be either smaller or larger than the true value. Systematic error can be caused by
problems of the measuring device, impurities of the chemicals, incorrect use or calibration of the
measuring device, etc. Systematic error can and should be eliminated.

Question 2

extensive property

Answer 2

depends on the quantity of a substance

Question 3

what do all chemical reactions involve

Answer 3

All chemical reactions involve either a
gain or loss of energy (if the chemicals lose a certain amount of energy, the surroundings gain that
amount of energy, often in the form of heat).

Question 4

scientific theory

Answer 4

a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that has
been repeatedly tested and confirmed through observation and experimentation.

Question 5

Chemistry

Answer 5

the study of matter and the changes it undergoes.

Question 6

heterogeneous mixtures…

Answer 6

are not uniform and

have separate phases or chunks.

Question 7

A chemical property can only be observed when…

Answer 7

can only be observed through a chemical reaction (resulting in a
change in composition of the substance).

Question 8

internal energy

Answer 8

refers to energy inside an object (i.e. the energy of the object’s atoms,
bonds, intermolecular forces, and other microscopic aspects).

Question 9

intensive property

Answer 9

does not

depend on the quantity

Question 10

Mass

Answer 10

describes the quantity of matter in an

object

Question 11

Scientific Method

Answer 11

involves observation, experimentation, analysis, and collaboration in order to
find the patterns of the natural universe. The scientific method is not a recipe; it doesn’t always look
the same. It requires creativity, curiosity, and perseverance.

Question 12

heat

Answer 12

the transfer of thermal energy.

Question 13

precision

Answer 13

Precision is a measure of the agreement between replicate measurements.

Question 14

thermal energy

Answer 14

internal kinetic energy
(i.e. the energy of
motion of atoms).

Question 15

specific heat formula, and state what each letter means

Answer 15

q = mc∆T
q= heat energy gained or lost by a substance
m= mass(grams)
c= specific heat capacity
 ∆T= change in temperature

Question 16

Error

Answer 16

a measurement refers to the uncertainty of the measurement, NOT an experimental mistake.

Question 17

potential energy

Answer 17

the energy of position

Question 18

energy

Answer 18

the ability to do work to accomplish some change.

Question 19

temperature

Answer 19

a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms in a

substance.

Question 20

chemical change

Answer 20

(which is the same as a chemical reaction), the initial substance(s) are converted
into different substance(s) by changing how or with what atoms are bonded, but the total number and
type of atoms remains the same.

Question 21

a mixture

Answer 21

the combination of two or more substances that maintain their own identity

Question 22

Random Error

Answer 22

unavoidable error caused by the limited ability of real measuring devices. Random
error can be reduced but not eliminated by averaging multiple measurements.

Question 23

equation to find °C

Answer 23

°C = (°F – 32) / 1.8

Question 24

external energy

Answer 24

refers to the energy of

the whole object’s position and motion.

Question 25

scientific hypothesis

Answer 25

an attempt to explain an observation.

Question 26

uncertainty

Answer 26

the degree of doubt in a single measurement. It can be expressed as ± the uncertainty. This way of expressing uncertainty can be cumbersome, so scientists often use significant figures instead.

Question 27

homogeneous mixtures...

Answer 27

are uniform throughout

Question 28

what does every measured quantity consist of

Answer 28

Every measured quantity consists of a number, its uncertainty, and its units.

Question 29

energy cant be created or destroyed except when?

Answer 29

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but only | converted from one form to another (with a loss of usefulness).

Question 30

kinetic energy

Answer 30

the energy of motion

Question 31

what are the other states of matter besides gas, solid and liquid

Answer 31

There are other states of matter that you will not be tested on, such as plasma, supercritical fluid, liquid crystal, super fluid, Bose–Einstein condensate, degenerate matter, strange matter, nuclear pasta, and more.

Question 32

physical change

Answer 32

produces a recognizable difference in the appearance of a substance without causing any change in its composition or identity. (e.g. any phase change, such as freezing, boiling, dissolving, etc.)

Question 33

equation to find kelvin

Answer 33

Kelvin = °C + 273

Question 34

weight

Answer 34

, depends on gravity (weight = mass × acceleration due to gravity). Mass cannot be created or destroyed.

Question 35

density formula

Answer 35

d = m / V

Question 36

physical property

Answer 36

can be observed or measured without changing the composition or identity of a substance,

Question 37

what is all matter

Answer 37

is either a pure substance or a mixture.

Question 38

What is a change between three states of matter

Answer 38

a reversible physical change.

Question 39

pure substance

Answer 39

has only one component, which may be an element (on the periodic table) or a compound (made of two or more different elements in fixed ratios).

Question 40

Matter

Answer 40

anything that has mass and occupies space.

Question 41

Accuracy

Answer 41

the degree of agreement between the true value and the measured value.

Question 42

scientific law

Answer 42

a concise verbal statement or mathematical equation that summarizes a large amount of repeated experimental observations.

Question 43

What’s the significant figures rule for multiplication and division

Answer 43

Round answer to LEAST number of significant figures in the problem

Question 44

What’s the rule for significant figures when adding and subtracting

Answer 44

Answer Has to have to have the same number of significant figures AFTER the decimal. (Don’t forget the last number after the decimal is an uncertainty and doesn’t count)

Question 45

What’s the equation to solve for Celsius when you know Kelvin?

Answer 45

C= k-273

Question 46

What’s the equation to solve for Fahrenheit when you know Celsius?

Answer 46

F=(C•1.8)+32