Chapter 1: Setting the Stage

Question 1

absolute risk

Answer 1

a person’s chance of developing a disease independent of any risk that other people may have

Question 2

Ayurveda

Answer 2

ancient system of medicine focuses on the body, the sense organs, the mind, and the soul. It originate in India approximately 4,000 years ago

Question 3

behavioral medicine

Answer 3

interdisciplinary field of medicine that includes psychological, sociological, and biological views on health and illness. Behavioral telehealth healthcare delivered over the telephone or through other technical means such as the internet

Question 4

biomedical approach

Answer 4

an approach that sees health primarily as the state in which a disease in absent

Question 5

biopsychosocial approach

Answer 5

approach that focuses on the biology or physiology underlying health, the psychology or thoughts feelings and behaviors influencing health, and the ways that society and culture influence health

Question 6

clinical health psychology

Answer 6

a broad specialty in professional psychology that examines stress and coping, health behaviors, and issues in healthcare

Question 7

context

Answer 7

the surrounding environment

Question 8

correlation coefficient

Answer 8

statistical measure of the association between two or more variables. It is represented by the letter r and can range from (+1 to -1). Values closer to 1 (regardless of sign signifying stronger associations.

Question 9

correlational studies

Answer 9

studies that establish the absence of presence of correlations but do not allow for establishment of causal relationships

Question 10

cross-sectional

Answer 10

research conducted at pine point in time

Question 11

culture

Answer 11

dynamic, yet stable, set of goals, beliefs, and attitudes shared by a group people. Culture can also include similar physical characteristics (e.g. skin color), psychological characteristics (levels of hostility) and common superficial features (e.g. hairstyle and clothing)

Question 12

dependent variable

Answer 12

variable impacted by the dependent variable

Question 13

direct correlations

Answer 13

the relationships between two variables is tested

Question 14

Epidemiology

Answer 14

branch of medicine that studies the frequency, distribution, and causes of different diseases with an emphasis on the role of the physical and social environment

Question 15

Evidence-based treatments

Answer 15

treatments that are dependent on critically evaluated research and are essentially empirically tested

Question 16

experimental designs

Answer 16

ones where the researcher manipulates the variable that is believed to be important and measures how changes in this variable influence another variable

Question 17

health

Answer 17

state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. Health belief model major theory of health behavior that suggests that our beliefs relating to the effectiveness, ease, and consequences of doing (or not doing) a certain behavior will determine whether we do (or not do) that behavior

Question 18

health psychology

Answer 18

section of psychology that focuses on how biological, psychological, and society factors can influence how we stay healthy, why we get sick , and how we cope best and recover from illness

Question 19

incidence rates

Answer 19

frequency of new cases of the disease during the year

Question 20

independent variable

Answer 20

the variable in an experiment that is believed to be important

Question 21

level of analysis

Answer 21

describes the idea that our views of ourselves reside at different levels of conscious awareness

Question 22

logistic regression

Answer 22

a statistical test that predicts the probability of the occurrence of an event

Question 23

longitudinal

Answer 23

research conducted over a period of time and often involving many measures of the key variables

Question 24

morbidity

Answer 24

number of cases of a disease that exist at a given time

Question 25

mortality

Answer 25

number of deaths related to a specific cause

Question 26

odds ratio

Answer 26

ratio of the odds of an event occuring in one group to the odds of it occurring in another group. An odds ratio of 1 suggests the phenomenon is equally likely in both groups. An odds ratio greater than 1 suggests the phenomenon is more likely to occur in the first group

Question 27

partial correlations

Answer 27

the relationship between two variables is tested while controlling for a third variable or more

Question 28

placebo

Answer 28

an inactive substance that appears similar to the experimental drug

Question 29

prevalence rates

Answer 29

proportion of the population that has a particular disease at a particular time (commonly reported as cases per 1,000 or 100,000 people)

Question 30

prospective

Answer 30

following disease free participants over a period to determine whether certain variables predict disease

Question 31

psychosomatic medicine

Answer 31

medicine that examines how the mind influences health

Question 32

quasi-experimental designs

Answer 32

experimental designs that use naturally occurring groups because it may impractical or unethical to manipulate key variables of interest

Question 33

randomized controlled or clinical trials (RCTs)

Answer 33

studies where one group gets an experimental drug or intervention treatment and a second group unknowing gets a placebo or nothing at all

Question 34

regression analysis

Answer 34

statistically test in which an outcome is predicted from a set of variables

Question 35

relative risk

Answer 35

the ratio of incidence or prevalence of a disease in an exposed group to the incidence or prevalence of the disease in an unexposed group

Question 36

retrospective

Answer 36

studying participants with a disease and tracing their histories of health behaviors to determine what caused the disease

Question 37

sex

Answer 37

an innate, biological characteristics. Men have an XY chromosome. Women have an XX sex chromosomes

Question 38

socioeconomic status

Answer 38

measure of an individual, family, or group’s relative economic and social level most commonly measured by income and educational level

Question 39

traditional Chinese medicine

Answer 39

approach to health where health is defined by a balance between yin and yang or hot and cold