Chapter 1 Review Flashcards
the study of matter and movement of God’s physical creation
science
tentative explanation
hypothesis
can be proven false
falsifiable
the groups in an experiment on which the test is performed
experimental group
a group in which the independent variable is absent; used when an independent variable can be entirely removed
control group
if a theory is verified by enough observations and experiments and stands the test of time
scientific law
when a hypothesis passes the test of many experiments and has the support of other scientists
theory
the study of reasoning
logic
a conclusion based on reasoning from evidence
infernece
a statement of fact in deductive reasoning
proposition
a special type of proposition using an if/then statement
hypothetical proposition
the conclusion in the hypothetical proposition; the ‘then’ part
consequent
a condition in the hypothetical proposition; the ‘if’ part
antecedent
the form of inference where if A, then B. A is true. Therefore, B is also true
affirming the antecedent
the form of inference where if A, then B. B is not true. Therefore, A is also not true
denying the consequent
what an argument is considered to be if the inference logically follows from the premises
valid
reasoning error
fallacy
a fallacy occurring when someone attacks the person making the arguments instead of challenging their facts, premises, or reasoning
ad hominem fallacy
a fallacy in which an argument in based on the support of someone considered an authority rather than being based on sound facts/reasoning
argument from authority
the minimum characteristics a design must have to function
criterion
any other characteristics required to solve the problem
constraint
anything that provides a partial representation of something else
model
the study of nonliving creation other than the earth and space
physical Sc
the substance of the physical world; anything that has intertia
matter
the ability to do work
energy
the amount of space matter takes up
volume
the mass in a certain volume
density
the hotness or coldness of an object
temperature
the propositions on which the conclusion is based
premises
three main steps of the SC method
observating, hypothesizing, expirimenting
four limitations of sc
1.scope is limited to the study of created matter and energy in the present
2.relies on assumptions
3.human nature often leads us to see what we wants, not what is actually true (bias)
4.can only provide approximate descriptions of how the world works
two main branches of logic
inductive and deductive reasoning
fallacy of inductive reasoning in which one phenomenon is inferred to be a cause of another just because of the order in which they occured
post hoc fallacy
the fallacy in which a term is misleadingly used with two different meanings in a singular argument
equivocation
development of tech
engineering
the use of SC to solve practical problems
technology
three main components of the engineering design process
define problem, design solution, evaluate solution
giving up a design characteristic that is less important for one that is more important
tradeoff
type of model consisting of a description of an object or phenomenon in words
verbal model
two Broad types of changes matter can undergo
physical and chemical
SC term for push or pull
force
the three common states of matter
solid, liquid, gas
the ability for a single scientist to redo the experiment several times and produce essentially the same results
repeatability
the ability for many scientists to do the same experiment and get essentially the same results
reproducability
why should an experiment either have groups as large as possible OR have as many trials as possible?
when groups as bigger, the mean of many measurements gives a more accurate result than smaller groups
two main reasons Christians should study SC
- a proper study glorifies God (Psalm 8)
- To use SC knowledge for mans benefit (Gen 1:28)
why is the principle of causality essential for SC study?
by discovering what causes and what effects(the principle of causality) scientists can understand how the universe works
what fallacy occurs when a conclusion is drawn based on the fact that the consequent of a hypothetical proposition is true
affirming the consequent
how can bias affect the interpretation of data?
a biased scientist will find ‘evidence’ where no evidence actually exists because he wants ——– to be true and will deny the real facts just so his bias will be true
method of difference VS the method of concomitant variation
In the method of difference, two situations are the same except for one factor that is present in one situation but not in the other. If an effect occurs in the situation where that factor is present, it is at least partially responsible.
In the method of concomitant variation, there are also two same situations except for one factor. However, the method of CV varies one factor to change a second factor in a predictable way. Also, the method of Cv does not allow is to know which factor is the cause and which is the effect, and it requires that all other factors be the same.
why is building a prototype a required part of the engineering design process?
It is essential because it will show you if your design can meet the criteria and constraints or if it fails to
what is the main difference between physical and chemical properties?
physical properties - changing them does not change matters substance
chemical properties- properties of a substance describing how it changes when reacting with other substances
mass VS weight
mass is the amount of matter in an object, or the amount of intertia an object has. weight is the amount of gravitational pull on an object.
For example, your weight changes on the moon but not your mass.
List and define the two main branches of physical Sc
- Physics- the study of interactions btwn matter and energy
- Chemistry - the study of the composition and interactions of matter
the property of matter that makes it resist changes in motion
intertia
independent Vs dependent variables
dependent variable is a factor that is used to determine the results of an experiment and comes from the question a scientist is trying to solve while the independent variable is a factor that is changed to test the hypothesis and comes from the hypothesis itself
the orderly process by which scientists investigate the secrets of nature
the scientific method
