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Molecular Biology > Chapter 1: Nucleic Acids and Proteins - History, Introduction, and DNA structure > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Nucleic Acids and Proteins - History, Introduction, and DNA structure Flashcards

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1
Q

coined the term molecular biology

A

James Watson

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2
Q

DNA is a macromolecule of:

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorous

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3
Q

DNA is assembled in units of

A

nucleotides

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4
Q

nucleotides are composed of

A

nitrogenous base
sugar group
phosphate group

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5
Q

Reason for why nitrogen bases are base

A

2 lone electrons

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6
Q

published a paper on nuclein, the viscous substance extracted from cell nuclei

A

Johann Friedrich Miescher

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7
Q

purpose of DNA

A

store information

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8
Q

credited with the discovery of DNA in 1869 from isolated WBC through lysing of nonnuclear components with dilute hydrochloric acid

A

Johann Friedrich Meister

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9
Q

first describe the double helical structure of DNA

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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10
Q

physical evidence of DNA structure includes diffraction analyses by

A

Rosalind Franklin

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11
Q

the first carbon of the deoxyribose sugar is covalently joined to

A

a nitrogen base

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12
Q

which carbon of the deoxyribose sugar is linked to the phosphate moiety

A

5th

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13
Q

nitrogen base bound to unphosphorylated sugar

A

nucleoside

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14
Q

nucleotides can be converted to nucleosides by

A

hydrolysis

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15
Q

differentiate deoxyribose from a ribose

A

C2 is linked to H atom rather than OH

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16
Q

nitorgen bases with single ring structures

A

pyrimidines

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17
Q

2 pyrimidines

A

thymine
cytosine

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18
Q

nitrogen bases with double ring structures

A

purines

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19
Q

2 purines

A

adenine
guanine

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20
Q

three forms of DNA

A

B form
A form
Z form

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21
Q

the standard form of DNA that is in its hydrated form

A

B form

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22
Q

Other characterisitcs of a B form DNA

A

10.5 bp per turn
center of symmetry down the middle
right hand
long/narrow
most common

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23
Q

Dehydrated form of DNA

A

A form

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24
Q

Characteristics of an A form DNA

A

11 bp per turn
center of symmetry along the outside of the helix
right handed helix
short and narrow

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25
Q

stressed DNA

A

z DNA

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26
Q

other characteristics of Z DNA

A

12 bp per turn
left handed
altered geometry of sugar base bonds
under torsional stress (transcription/ metabolic functions)

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27
Q

guanine and cytosine forms how many hydrogen bonds

A

3

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28
Q

adenine and thymine forms howany hydrogen bonds

A

2

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29
Q

key to the specificity of most nucleic acid based tests

A

hydrogen bonds between nucleotides

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30
Q

macromolecule made of nucleotides bound together by phosphate and hydroxyl groups on their sugar

A

nucleic acids

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31
Q

what is bond between the sugar backbones

A

5’ phosphate group to 3’ hydroxyl group

32
Q

having a 5’ and 3’ end gives the DNA chains

A

polarity

33
Q

the DNA is oriented in what direction

A

5’ to 3’

34
Q

2 regions formed in the helix

A

major grooves
minor grooves

35
Q

contains base pair specific info and have more exposed nitrogen bases

A

major grooves

36
Q

minor grooves contain

A

non specific base pairs

37
Q

molecules that slide transversely into the center of the helix

A

intercalatong agents

38
Q

displace the hydrogen bonds and separate 2 strands of the helix

A

denaturing agents

39
Q

2 examples of denaturing agents

A

formamide
urea

40
Q

a new strand is synthesized in what direction

A

5’ to 3’

41
Q

DNA replication reads the template strand in what direction

A

3’ to 5’

42
Q

Three major characterisitics of DNA strand

A
  1. bases are complementary
  2. the orientation is antiparallel
  3. the bonds are formed through hybridization
43
Q

studies the structure, composition and interactions of cellular biomolecules that carry out essential cellular processes

A

molecular biology

44
Q

moldcular techniques designed for handling and analysis of nucleic acids

A

diagnostic molecular biology

45
Q

Guidelines in securing a license to operate a COVID19 Testing Laboratory in the Philippines

A

AO 2020 14

46
Q

discovered DNA which he inititially called nuclein

A

Johann Friedrich Miescher

47
Q

Implicated DNA as responsible for bacterial transformation (non encapsulated S. pneumoniae became encapsulated theough addition of DNA)

A

Mclean Mccarty
Oswald Avery
Colin MacLead

48
Q

confirmed that DNA is genetic material by sh9wing viral nucleic acids are infectious whil viral proteins are not

A

Martha Chase
Alfred Hershey

49
Q

performed chromatographic methods that confirmed equal amounts of A and T and C and G

A

Erwin Chargoff

50
Q

used optical spectroscopy to obtain A and B conformation of DNA

A

Maurice Wilkins
Rosalind Franklin

51
Q

Published first correct model of DNA molecule

A

James Watson
Franscis Crick

52
Q

performed first successful recombinant experimwnt that produced human insulin

A

Herbert Boyer
Stanley Norman Cohen

53
Q

separately developed rapid DNA dequencing

A

Walter Gilbert
Frederick Sanger

54
Q

invented PCR

A

Kart Mullis

55
Q

presented Zinc Finger Nucleases that allowed genome target editing

A

Jikola pNayot pavletich
Carl Pabo

56
Q

forst to generate mammalian clone

A

Sir Ian Wilmut

57
Q

first multicellular organism to have its genome encoded

A

Caeborhabditis elegans, 1998

58
Q

First crop to have entire genome decoded in 2002

A

rice

59
Q

mapped and identified all of the genes of the human genome

A

Human Genome Project 2003

60
Q

emzymes that can be engineered to cut specific DNA sequences

A

Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN, 2009)

61
Q

genome editing for treatment of genetic conditions

A

Clustered regularly interspacrd short palindromic repeats

62
Q

analysis of nucleic acids for the diagnosis, prediction of occurence or prognosis, guidance of therapy for disease

A

molecular pathology

63
Q

identifying gene expression that makes a disease unique like in differential diagnosis of leukemia

A

redefinition of disease

64
Q

identifying oncogenes amd oncoproteins

A

detection of cancer

65
Q

detect presence of nucleic acids that are hard to culture

A

detection of infectious disease

66
Q

screen presence of proteins involved in drug metabolism (neu HER2 gf vs. Herceptin)

A

Treatment of diseases

67
Q

takes into accoun uniqueness of genome concerning respinse to drugs

A

pharmacogenocmics and personalized medicine

68
Q

detection of disease associated markers among family members

A

diagnosis of genetic diseases

69
Q

unit of length for single stranded nucleic acids

A

nt or b

70
Q

unit of length for double stranded nucleic acids

A

bp

71
Q

the completw set of metaphase chromosomes in a eukaryotic cell

A

karyotype

72
Q

sequences that have the ability to move to other locations in the genome

A

transposons

73
Q

complex of proteins and RNA that replicate the ends of chromosomes in many eukaryotic cells

A

telomerase

74
Q

in mammals, telomerase is limited to

A

immortal cells (stem cells, germ line cells, tumor cells)

75
Q

True or false: snRNA is found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

A

False, snRNA, the RNA that curs off introns is only found in eukaryotes.

Molecular Biology (12 decks)

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