Chapter 1: Nucleic Acids and Proteins - History, Introduction, and DNA structure Flashcards by sheyn grayz

coined the term molecular biology

James Watson

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DNA is a macromolecule of:

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorous

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DNA is assembled in units of

nucleotides

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nucleotides are composed of

nitrogenous base
sugar group
phosphate group

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Reason for why nitrogen bases are base

2 lone electrons

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published a paper on nuclein, the viscous substance extracted from cell nuclei

Johann Friedrich Miescher

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purpose of DNA

store information

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credited with the discovery of DNA in 1869 from isolated WBC through lysing of nonnuclear components with dilute hydrochloric acid

Johann Friedrich Meister

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first describe the double helical structure of DNA

James Watson and Francis Crick

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physical evidence of DNA structure includes diffraction analyses by

Rosalind Franklin

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the first carbon of the deoxyribose sugar is covalently joined to

a nitrogen base

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which carbon of the deoxyribose sugar is linked to the phosphate moiety

5th

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nitrogen base bound to unphosphorylated sugar

nucleoside

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nucleotides can be converted to nucleosides by

hydrolysis

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differentiate deoxyribose from a ribose

C2 is linked to H atom rather than OH

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nitorgen bases with single ring structures

pyrimidines

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2 pyrimidines

thymine
cytosine

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nitrogen bases with double ring structures

purines

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2 purines

adenine
guanine

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three forms of DNA

B form
A form
Z form

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the standard form of DNA that is in its hydrated form

B form

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Other characterisitcs of a B form DNA

10.5 bp per turn
center of symmetry down the middle
right hand
long/narrow
most common

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Dehydrated form of DNA

A form

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Characteristics of an A form DNA

11 bp per turn
center of symmetry along the outside of the helix
right handed helix
short and narrow

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stressed DNA

z DNA

other characteristics of Z DNA

12 bp per turn left handed altered geometry of sugar base bonds under torsional stress (transcription/ metabolic functions)

guanine and cytosine forms how many hydrogen bonds

adenine and thymine forms howany hydrogen bonds

key to the specificity of most nucleic acid based tests

hydrogen bonds between nucleotides

macromolecule made of nucleotides bound together by phosphate and hydroxyl groups on their sugar

nucleic acids

what is bond between the sugar backbones

5' phosphate group to 3' hydroxyl group

having a 5' and 3' end gives the DNA chains

polarity

the DNA is oriented in what direction

5' to 3'

2 regions formed in the helix

major grooves minor grooves

contains base pair specific info and have more exposed nitrogen bases

major grooves

minor grooves contain

non specific base pairs

molecules that slide transversely into the center of the helix

intercalatong agents

displace the hydrogen bonds and separate 2 strands of the helix

denaturing agents

2 examples of denaturing agents

formamide urea

a new strand is synthesized in what direction

5' to 3'

DNA replication reads the template strand in what direction

3' to 5'

Three major characterisitics of DNA strand

1. bases are complementary 2. the orientation is antiparallel 3. the bonds are formed through hybridization

studies the structure, composition and interactions of cellular biomolecules that carry out essential cellular processes

molecular biology

moldcular techniques designed for handling and analysis of nucleic acids

diagnostic molecular biology

Guidelines in securing a license to operate a COVID19 Testing Laboratory in the Philippines

AO 2020 14

discovered DNA which he inititially called nuclein

Johann Friedrich Miescher

Implicated DNA as responsible for bacterial transformation (non encapsulated S. pneumoniae became encapsulated theough addition of DNA)

Mclean Mccarty Oswald Avery Colin MacLead

confirmed that DNA is genetic material by sh9wing viral nucleic acids are infectious whil viral proteins are not

Martha Chase Alfred Hershey

performed chromatographic methods that confirmed equal amounts of A and T and C and G

Erwin Chargoff

used optical spectroscopy to obtain A and B conformation of DNA

Maurice Wilkins Rosalind Franklin

Published first correct model of DNA molecule

James Watson Franscis Crick

performed first successful recombinant experimwnt that produced human insulin

Herbert Boyer Stanley Norman Cohen

separately developed rapid DNA dequencing

Walter Gilbert Frederick Sanger

invented PCR

Kart Mullis

presented Zinc Finger Nucleases that allowed genome target editing

Jikola pNayot pavletich Carl Pabo

forst to generate mammalian clone

Sir Ian Wilmut

first multicellular organism to have its genome encoded

Caeborhabditis elegans, 1998

First crop to have entire genome decoded in 2002

rice

mapped and identified all of the genes of the human genome

Human Genome Project 2003

emzymes that can be engineered to cut specific DNA sequences

Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN, 2009)

genome editing for treatment of genetic conditions

Clustered regularly interspacrd short palindromic repeats

analysis of nucleic acids for the diagnosis, prediction of occurence or prognosis, guidance of therapy for disease

molecular pathology

identifying gene expression that makes a disease unique like in differential diagnosis of leukemia

redefinition of disease

identifying oncogenes amd oncoproteins

detection of cancer

detect presence of nucleic acids that are hard to culture

detection of infectious disease

screen presence of proteins involved in drug metabolism (neu HER2 gf vs. Herceptin)

Treatment of diseases

takes into accoun uniqueness of genome concerning respinse to drugs

pharmacogenocmics and personalized medicine

detection of disease associated markers among family members

diagnosis of genetic diseases

unit of length for single stranded nucleic acids

nt or b

unit of length for double stranded nucleic acids

the completw set of metaphase chromosomes in a eukaryotic cell

karyotype

sequences that have the ability to move to other locations in the genome

transposons

complex of proteins and RNA that replicate the ends of chromosomes in many eukaryotic cells

telomerase

in mammals, telomerase is limited to

immortal cells (stem cells, germ line cells, tumor cells)

True or false: snRNA is found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

False, snRNA, the RNA that curs off introns is only found in eukaryotes.