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BIOL 2113 > Chapter 1 Key Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Study of the larger structures of the body, typically with the unaided eye; also referred to macroscopic anatomy

A

Gross Anatomy

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2
Q

Study of very small structures of the body using magnification

A

Microscopic Anatomy

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3
Q

Science that studies the form and composition of the body’s structures

A

Anatomy

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4
Q

study of the structures that contribute to specific body regions

A

Regional anatomy

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5
Q

study of the structures that contribute to specific body systems

A

Systemic Anatomy

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6
Q

science that studies the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body’s functions

A

Physiology

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7
Q

steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain

A

Homeostasis

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8
Q

smallest independently functioning unit of all organisms; in animals, a cell contains cytoplasm, composed of fluid
and organelles

A

Cell

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9
Q

group of similar or closely related cells that act together to perform a specific function

A

Tissue

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10
Q

functionally distinct structure composed of two or more types of tissues

A

Organ

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11
Q

group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function

A

Organ system

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12
Q

living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions
necessary for life

A

Organism

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13
Q

sum of all of the body’s chemical reactions

A

Metabolism

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14
Q

assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules

A

Anabolism

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15
Q

breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules

A

Catabolism

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16
Q

Every cell in your body makes use of this chemical compound to store and release energy

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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17
Q

ability of an organisms or a system to adjust to changes in conditions

A

Responsiveness

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18
Q

changes an organism goes through during its life

A

Development

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19
Q

process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function

A

Differentiation

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20
Q

process of increasing in size

A

Growth

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21
Q

process by which new organisms are generated

A

Reproduction

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22
Q

chemical obtained from foods and beverages that is critical to human survival

A

Nutrient

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23
Q

force exerted by a substance in contact with another substance

A

Pressure

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24
Q

ideal value for a physiological parameter; the level or small range within which a physiological parameter such as blood pressure is stable and optimally healthful, that is, within its parameters of homeostasis

A

Set Point

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25
Q

range of values around the set point that do not cause a reaction by the control center

A

Normal range

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26
Q

homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the body’s physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus, typically as the stimulus is removed

A

Negative Feedback

27
Q

(also, receptor) reports a monitored physiological value to the control center

A

Sensor

28
Q

compares values to their normal range; deviations cause the activation of an effector

A

Control center

29
Q

organ that can cause a change in a value

A

Effector

30
Q

mechanism that intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition in response to a stimulus

A

Positive Feedback

31
Q

standard reference position used for describing locations and directions on the human body

A

Anatomical position

32
Q

face down

A

Prone

33
Q

face up

A

Supine

34
Q

larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membrane lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as ventral cavity

A

Anterior Cavity

35
Q

posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to as dorsal cavity

A

Posterior Cavity

36
Q

describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper; also referred to as cranial

A

Superior

37
Q

describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as caudal

A

Inferior

38
Q

describes the side or direction toward the side of the body

A

Lateral

39
Q

describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body

A

Medial

40
Q

describes a position nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body

A

Proximal

41
Q

describes a position farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body

A

Distal

42
Q

describes a position nearer to the surface of the body

A

Superficial

43
Q

describes a position farther from the surface of the body

A

Deep

44
Q

in anatomy, a single flat surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut through

A

Section

45
Q

imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body

A

Plane

46
Q

two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides

A

Sagittal Plane

47
Q

two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions

A

Frontal Plane

48
Q

two-dimensional, horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions

A

Transverse plane

49
Q

posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to the posterior body cavity

A

Dorsal cavity

50
Q

larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membranelined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and
pelvic organs; also referred to as anterior body cavity

A

Ventral cavity

51
Q

division of the posterior (dorsal) cavity that houses the brain

A

cranial cavity

51
Q

division of the dorsal cavity that houses the spinal cord; also referred to as vertebral cavity

A

spinal cavity

52
Q

division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the heart, lungs, esophagus, and trachea

A

thoracic cavity

53
Q

division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the abdominal and pelvic viscera

A

abdominopelvic cavity

54
Q

membrane that covers organs and reduces friction; also referred to as serosa

A

serous membrane

55
Q

serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity and covers the lungs

A

pleura

56
Q

sac that encloses the heart

A

pericardium

57
Q

serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs found there

A

peritoneum

58
Q

form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing
gases; used in medicine as a diagnostic aid to visualize body structures such as bones

A

X-ray

59
Q

medical imaging technique in which a computer-enhanced cross-sectional X-ray image
is obtained

A

Computed tomography (CT)

60
Q

medical imaging technique in which a device generates a magnetic field to
obtain detailed sectional images of the internal structures of the body

A

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

61
Q

application of ultrasonic waves to visualize subcutaneous body structures such as tendons and
organs

A

Ultrasonography

62
Q

describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper; also referred to as superior

A

cranial

BIOL 2113 (8 decks)

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