Chapter 1 - Introduction

Question 1

A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from an experience

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

List Two Types of Learning

Answer 2

Classical and Operant Conditoning

Question 3

Process in which inborn behavior start to be produced in new situations

Answer 3

Classical Conditioning

Question 4

Process of strengthening or weakening behavior due to consequence received for such behavior

Answer 4

Operant Conditioning

Question 5

Nativist

Answer 5

Natureguides abilities and tendencies

-Plato

Question 6

Empiricist

Answer 6

Nurtureguides abilities and tendencies

-Aristotle

Question 7

Four Laws of Association

Answer 7

• Law of similarities
• Law of contrast
• Law of contiguity (happens closely together)
• Law of frequency (the more and more two things occur at the same time, the more they relate)

-Aristotle

Question 8

Mind-Body Dualism

Answer 8

• Behaviors are bothinvoluntary reflexesandfree will(only human)
• Nonhuman does not have free will, only involuntary reflexes (instinct)

-Rene Descartes

Question 9

British Empiricist

Answer 9

Tabula Rasa
All subjective views - no formal experiments ever conducted

-John Locke

Question 10

Structuralism

Answer 10

• Idea: Structure of mind can be determined by identifying the mind’s basic element

Question 11

Functionalism

Answer 11

Focused on adaptive significance of the mind (not just structure of the mind)

• Interested in studying learning since it’s highly adaptive
• Studied animals to better understand humans

-William James (Father of American Psychology)

Question 12

Evolution

Answer 12

• Traits vary both within and between species
• Many traits are heritable
• Organisms must compete for limited resources

-Charles Darwin

Question 13

Behaviorism

Answer 13

Promoted Idea of psychology as an objective science

• Law of Parsimony
• Morgan’s Canon
• John Watson

Question 14

Preference for a simple explanation as compared to a complex one

Answer 14

Law of Parsimony

Question 15

Interpret behavior in term of lower, more primitive process (reflex and habit) compared to more higher level thinking

Answer 15

Morgan’s Canon

Question 16

Watson’s Methodological Behaviorism

Answer 16

• Only study what can be observed publicly
• Never ask about internal states like thoughts or feeling
• Developed into S-R Theory of learning
• Human have reflexive emotion (love, fear, happy, etc)
• But most behavior is from learning

Question 17

Social Learning Theory

Answer 17

• Bandura studied imitation, also called observational learning (observing others)
• Wants to study internal events, like expectations

Question 18

Radical Behaviorism

Answer 18

• Role of environment on observable behavior
• Doesn’t accept that internal states explain behavior
• Behavior Analysis - research
• Applied Behavior Analysis - use analysis to help others

-B.F. Skinner

Question 19

Any activity of an organism that can be observed or measured

Answer 19

Behavior

Question 20

Internal events are directly interconnected to environmental events and observable behavior

Answer 20

Reciprocal Determination

Question 21

An ability humans develop when they learn that deliberate manipulation of their environmental events alter their impact on behavior

Answer 21

Counter Control

Question 22

Study mind by asking individual about their thoughts

Answer 22

Introspection