Chapter 1 introduction Flashcards
classification of materials
metals
ceramics
polymers
composites
advanced materials
semiconductors
biomaterials
smart materials
nanoengineered materials
examples of metals
steel
cast iro
aluminum
copper
titanium
alloy
metallic substance composed of two or more elements, as either a compound or a solution
some facts about metal
- Along with Polymers The Most Common Everyday Material
- Typically from the 1st Row of Transition Metals in Periodic
Table (Fe, Cu, Ni, etc.)
- Have LARGE Numbers of NonBound Electrons
metals are good ____ and ____ conductors
metals are good Electrical & Thermal conductors
some properties of metal
Strong but Deformable (Ductile)
high thermal & electrical conductivity
opaque, reflective.
some examples of ceramics
Glass, Concrete, Brick, Alumina, Zirconia, SiN, SiC,
typical properties of ceramics
- HARD & BRITTLE, GLASSY
- HIGHEST Temperature Resistance
- Little Temperature-SHOCK Resistance
- Corrosion Resistant
- Electrically Resistive, non-conductive (Insulative)
- Difficult to Join
- Do Not Weld
examples of polymers
Plastics, rayon, nylon, “glue”
typical properties of polymers
- Very Light Weight, Low Density
- Very Corrosion Resistant
- Best of ANY Class of Material
- Little, if any, Hi/Lo Temperature Resistance
- Low Structural Strength
- Very Deformable (ductile/flexible)
- Lowest $-Cost: Volume Ratio for Any class of material
Composites
materials that consist of more than one material type
common composite examples
fiber glass = glass ( ceramic) + polymer [strength and flexibility]
reinforced concrete = steel + concrete [tension strength + compression strength]
semiconductors
are materials which have a conductivity between conductors (generally metals) and nonconductors or insulators (such as most ceramics).
SEMICONDUCTORS
May be made _________ or _________ (or Something
in-between) by the Addition of Miniscule Amounts of
IMPURITIES
SEMICONDUCTORS
May be made CONDUCTIVE or INSULATIVE (or Something
in-between) by the Addition of Miniscule Amounts of
IMPURITIES
Most SOLID STATE (no moving parts) Electronic
Devices are __________
Semiconductors
Major applications for Semi conductor Transistors
Voltage Amplifiers
On/Off switches
What are biomaterials
Defined as Those Materials Which Are compatible with Human Tissue
• Classic Example = Stainless Steels
used For Bone repair (Screws, Staples, Plates, Hip-Joints)
At least a few of ALL other Classes of Materials are BioCompatibIe
• Including Silicon
What are smart materials
Smart Materials are Materials That Can Sense Changes in the
Environment and Respond with a Material Shape/Property
Change
6 materials properties
mechanical
electrical
thermal
magnetic
optical
deteriorative
* quick reference *
basic material properties
density
is a measure of how heavy an object is for a given size, i.e. the mass of material per unit volume. Changes in temperature do not significantly affect the density of a material
Tensile Strength
is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before failing or breaking.
stiffness or elastic modulus
The Young’s Modulus (or Elastic Modulus) is in essence the stiffness of a material. In other words, it is how easy it is bent or stretched
fracture toughness
is the critical stress intensity factor of a sharp crack where propagation of the crack suddenly becomes rapid and unlimited
conductivity
the property or power of conducting heat, electricity, or sound.
stress and saltwater causes
cracks
heat treatment ___ crack speed in saltwater
heat treatment slows crack speed in saltwater
Recrystallization
is a process by which deformed grains are replaced by a new set of nondeformed grains that nucleate and grow until the original grains have been entirely consumed.
solute =
solvent =
solute = the minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent.
solvent = is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution.
What are Thermal Properties of Materials
Thermal properties are those properties of a material which is related to its conductivity of heat. In other words, these are the properties that are exhibited by a material when the heat is passed through it.
The major components of thermal properties are
Heat capacity
Thermal Expansion
Thermal conductivity
Thermal stress
optical properties
The optical properties of a material define how it interacts with light.
* quick reference *
optical properties
magnetic properties
Magnetic properties refer to the response of a material to an applied magnetic field. Different materials react to the application of magnetic field differently.
Summary of this chapter
