Chapter 1: History of Testing and Assessment Flashcards
Test
subset of assessment yielding SCORES based on collective data
Chinese history
2200 BCE: essay exams for civil service employees
Plato history
428-327 BCE: intellectual and physical ability of men when screening for private services
Esquirol
1830s: language ability to identify intelligence; retardation on continuum (idiocy), forerunner of verbal intelligence
Sequin
1800s: worked with individuals w intellectual deficits to increase motor control and sensory discrimination; developed form board; forerunner of performance intelligence testing
Darwin
understanding uniqueness of humans; theory of evolutions and scientific method
Galton (darwin’s cousin)
relationship of sensory motor activities to intelligence; **correlation coefficient
Wundt
founded first psych lab, looked at sensitivity to visual, auditory, and other sensory stimuli and reaction time
Cattell
phrased “mental test”; used statistical concepts to understand differences
GS Hall
experimental lab at John Hopkins; first president of APA
Ability tests
measurement of what one CAN do
-intelligence testing, neuropsychological assessment, group tests of ability
Binet
developed first modern day intelligence test
-hired by French ministry of public education to integrate “sub-normal” children into schools
Terman
revised Binet scale to make Stanford-Binet
-IQ
history of neuropsychological assessment
- egyptian medical documents 5,000 years ago
- WWI: interest in brain injuries
- 20th: tech development
today: suspected changes in brain function as result of injury, disease yields neuropsychological assessment
Army Alpha/Beta
assessment of abilities for WWI recruits -used/abused by Eugenics movement--> superior human race and claim White people inherently more intelligent, get upper class to breed and try and prevent lower classes from having kids
James Bryant Conant
developed SATs to equalize educational opps for all
Edward Thorndike
-1923
Stanford Achievement Test
Personality testing
interest inventories, objective personality assessment, projective testing
History: Interest inventories
Thorndike and Miner= early assessors of interests
Strong: Strong Vocational Interest Blank
Objective personality assessment
Kraeplin: word association test to study schizophrenia
Woodworth’s personal data sheet: crude test for neuroses and pathology
^forerunner MMPI
projective testing
Cattle: examined associations made by healthy people to standard list of words
Jung: 156 words to which individuals would respond, “complexes”
Rorscach
Murray’s TAT
types of achievement testing
What one HAS LEARNED
-survey battery, diagnostic, readiness
types of aptitude testing
what one is CAPABLE of learning
-cognitive, intellectual and cognitive functioning (intelligence testing, neuropsychological assessment), special aptitude, multiple aptitude
types of personality testing
objective, projective (unstructured), interests
types of informal
observation, rating scales, classification methods, environmental assessment, records and personal docs, performance based assessment
Controversies
- invasion of privacy
- too much reliance of test scores for decision making without consideration of history or context
- bias
- must have demonstration of competencies on objective tests– we cannot be too reliant on grades or diplomas
- multiple choice tests need to be replaced by authentic performance based assessment
- too much pressure on students, teachers, and parents b/c high stakes testing
