Chapter 1: Historical Aspects Of Nursing Flashcards
Women’s Roles:
- wife, mother, to care and nurture
- dependent on men and physicians
- maintenance and comfort
Historical Aspects
Religion:
- christians: Good Samaritan
- "do no harm"
- love and caring
- impacted Western culture
Fabiola: converted to Christianity
Crusades: built hospitals for sickReligion
Knights:
- made groups that are dedicated to helping the sick
- Knights of Saint Lazarus: dedicated to individuals with syphilis and skin conditions.
- Alexia’s Brothers: cared for victims of Black Plague.
Knights
Men in nursing followed same principles as women
- Medieval
- late 1880-1969
- American Assembly for Men in Nursing (AAMN). Luther Christman
- met to discuss ways to hanger image of male nurses
Men in Nursing
Order of Deaconesses:
- Theodor Fliedner
- reconstituted Order of Deaconesses and opened training school in Germany. 1836
- Florence Nightingale attended - Deaconess groups were suppressed by western churches.
- 1800s
Order of Deaconesses
- inadequate care for soldiers
- led to outcry
- Florence N. recruited women and helped create sanitary conditions.
Crimean War
- Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth both helped slaves and used Florence’s principles.
- Dorothea Dix recruited more nurses and American Red Cross
American Civil War
- advancements in the field of surgery (designated areas)
- anesthetics, infection control, blood typing, prosthetics.
- acute shortage of caregivers (more women)
- cadet nurse corps
- nurses started to divide out into ranks
WWI
WWII
- 11,000 women serving
- youngest group of medical personnel
Vietnam War
Societal Influences:
- before mid 1800 women’s place was in home. “No careers”
- Victorian Era had a negative image at first
- Dickens Sairy Gamp- robbing patients
- Florence brought respect
Societal Influences
- improved standards of care.
- “Notes on Nursing” helped create Nightingale Training School for Nurses
- Lady With The Lamp
- improved how we work.
- hygiene
Nurse Leaders: Nightingale
- volunteer nurse in American Civil War
- Established American Red Cross!
- crusades
- established hygiene standards but did not write it down….
Nurse Leaders: Barton
- Americas FIRST trained nurse
- Uniforms for nurses
Nurse Leaders: Richards
- African American. FIRST trained nurse
- worked with acceptance and equal opportunity
Nurse Leaders: Mahoney
- founder of public health nursing
- worked in NYC slums
- Henry Street Settlement
- “wash hands to not be sick”
Nurse Leaders: Wald
- women’s rights
- legislation to allow nurses control their own profession
- precursor to National League of Nursing
Nurse Leaders: Dock
- founder of Planned Parenthood
Nurse Leaders: Sanger
- Frontier Nursing Service
- started first midwifery training schools in US.
- travel nurse- babies
Nurse Leaders: Breckinridge
Nursing Education:
- Controlled by state boards of nursing and professional organizations.
- Varied practice settings, critical thinking, health promotion and maintenance
- Two Entry Levels: RN and LPN/LVN
NCLEX: RN exam; verifies completion of study
Nursing Education
Licensure
Mutual recognition
Multi state compact
Nursing Education
Influences others to work together to accomplish specific goals
Roles: Leader
Manage care of individuals, families, and communities
- delegate nursing activities
Roles: Manager
Assist client physically and psychologically while preserving clients dignity
Roles: Caregiver
Identify client problems and communicate them to other members of the health care team
Roles: Communicator
Help client learn about health and health care procedures to restore health
Roles: Teacher
Represent, protect the clients needs and wishes
Roles: Client Advocate
Help client to recognize and cope with stressful psychological or social problems, develop improved relationships, and promote personal growth
Roles: Counselor
Assist client to make modifications in behavior
Roles: Change Agent
Work with or act as primary nurse to oversee care of specific caseload
Roles: Case Manager
Use research to improve clients care
Roles: Research Consumer
Licensed Practical Nursing Programs: LPN
- 9-12 months
- take NCLEX-PN
- work under supervision on RN
- ladder programs
Has classroom and clinical experiences
Registered nursing programs:
- leads to RN license
Three different programs
RN program: Diploma
Three year program
Students learned by doing.
Don’t do this much anymore
Associates Degree:
Community college
ADN AA AS AAS with major in nursing
Began after Mildred Montags dissertation
Cadet Corps
Students awarded ADN at end of two years.
Baccalaureate degree:
3 years plus two years
34% of RNS are educated with a baccalaureate degree
There are accelerated programs
Graduate nursing programs:
Masters degree
CNS NP APRN CNM CNRA CNL
Doctoral programs:
- phD: faculty roles in nursing Education research
- DNP: highest degree for nurse clinicians
Continuing Education: CE
- formalized experiences designed to enhance knowledge, skills of practicing professionals
- responsibility of nurse
- inservices offered by employers
CE
Definition of Nursing:
Common themes:
-caring, art/science, holistic, adaptive, concerned with health promotion and health maintenance
Helping profession
Scopes of Nursing:
- ) promotion of health and wellness. Community activities to enhance health
- ) prevention of illness. Immunization, prenatal care, prevention of STIs
- ) restoring health. Teaching clients recovery activities, consulting other health care professions
- ) caring for the dying
Nurse Practice Act:
Legal acts
- regulated by state or local area
- Protect the public
- standards of nurses
- ANA: standards of practice, and professional performance
Occupation that requires extensive education special knowledge, skill, and preparation
Profession
Professional character, spirit, methods
Professionalism
Process of becoming professional
Professionalization
Hospital diploma, associate degree, baccalaureate degree, masters degree, doctoral degree
Specialized education
Nursing conceptual frameworks
Body of knowledge
Altruism and service to others guided by rules politics and ethics
Service orientation
Member expected to do what is considered right regardless of personal cost.
Code of ethics: integrity
Socialization to Nursing
Interactions with fellow students
- establishes effort, goals, and activities
Benners stages
Novice: performance is limited
Advanced Beginner: marginally acceptable performance. Has experience enough to make judgement.
Competent: 2-3 yeas of experience. Organizational and planning abilities. Coordinates multiple complex demands
Proficient: 3-5 years of experience. Perceived situations as wholes rather than parts. Holistic understandings.
Expert: fluid flexible acts. Does not require rules or guidelines. Inclined to take actions because they feel right
Factors Influencing Nursing Practice:
Social forces
Health care reform: affordable care act, IOM report (recommendations on how Nursing could provide better care)
Quality and Safety in Health Care: quality and safety education for nurses (QSEN), IOM sex competencies (patient-centered care, teamwork and collaboration, evidence-based practice, quality improvement, safety, informatics)
Consumer Demands: awareness of minorities, changing public concepts of health, active in making decisions about health
National profession organization for nursing.
- foster high standards of nursing practice and to promote the educational and professional advancements of nurses.
ANA
Foster development and improvement of all nursing services and nursing Education.
NLN
Provides an organization through which member national associations can work together for the mission of representing nursing.
ICN
Official preprofessional organization for nursing students.
-education programs
NSNA
International honor society in nursing
Sigma Theta Tau
