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American Flyers Flight School Training > Chapter 1 - Becoming a Pilot and Principles of Flight > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Becoming a Pilot and Principles of Flight Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main points of pre-flight?

A

1) That all required documents are on-board

2) To ensure that the airplane is in safe condition for flight

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2
Q

What are the three required documents to look for during pre-flight?

A

1) Airworthiness certificate
2) Aircraft registration certificate
3) Airplane checklists

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3
Q

When walking to the airplane, what should you look for?

A

Fluid leaks or obvious hazards

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4
Q

What should you and shouldn’t you do concerning the airplane checklists?

A

You should be familiar with them, but you should NOT memorize them

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5
Q

What is the general direction of the exterior pre-flight inspection?

A

Left seat to tail, then counter clockwise around plane

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6
Q

What is the propeller arc?

A

The space the propeller will turn in

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7
Q

What does good cockpit management require?

A

Materials and equipment are readily available and well organized

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8
Q

What are the four main materials needed in the cockpit?

A

1) Pen/Pencil and Paper
2) Airport diagram
3) Terminal area and sectional charts
4) American Flyers flight planing form

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9
Q

Important seat position tip

A

Keep the seat position consistent, especially early in training

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10
Q

What is the predominant aerodynamic for for enabling an airplane to fly?

A

The lifting force

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11
Q

What are airfoils?

A

Structures or surfaces that are designed to generate an aerodynamic force when they interact with the air

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12
Q

Examples of airfoils

A

Wings, Propellers, Stabilizers, Helicopter blades

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13
Q

What are the four basic forces of flight?

A

1) Lift
2) Weight
3) Thrust
4) Drag

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14
Q

What is lift

A

Upward force created by an airfoil

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15
Q

What direction does lift act?

A

Perpendicular to wings

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16
Q

What force does lift oppose?

A

Weight

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17
Q

With regards to lift, why is air accelerated rearward and downward by the wings?

A

Due to the shape of the wing and its inclination or angle relative to the flight path of the airplane

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18
Q

What does the amount of lifting force depend on?

A

The weight/load of the airplane

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19
Q

Is there an Angle of Attack indicator in the C172?

A

No

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20
Q

What is the only reference to Angle of Attack in the C1172 and why?

A

As airspeed changes, the AOA changes, maintaining the same lifting force

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21
Q

Wings will create lift equal to weight unless what?

A

The critical Angle of Attack is exceeded, resulting in a stall

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22
Q

Are pitch and Angle of Attack the same?

A

No! Level pitch could be greater than any angle of attack depending on power/airspeed/flight path

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23
Q

What direction does weight act?

A

Towards the center of the earth; downward

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24
Q

What force does weight oppose?

A

Lift

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25
Q

What does weight encompass?

A

The actual weight of the aircraft and everything in it, please aerodynamic loads

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26
Q

What direction does thrust act?

A

Forward

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27
Q

What force does thrust oppose?

A

Drag

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28
Q

On most planes, what creates thrust?

A

The propeller + engine

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29
Q

What direction does drag act?

A

Rearward

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30
Q

What force does drag oppose?

A

Thrust

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31
Q

What factors cause drag from friction to vary?

A

The airspeed and angle to the relative wind

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32
Q

What speed produces the least amount of drag?

A

The Best Gliding Speed

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33
Q

Describe the function of the Elevator and its location

A

Controls pitch, located on the tail

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34
Q

Describe the function of the Ailerons and their location

A

Controls roll, on wings

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35
Q

Describe the function of the rudder and its location

A

Controls yaw, located on the vertical stabilizer

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36
Q

What keeps the longitudinal axes aligned with the flight path?

A

The rudder

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37
Q

What direction yaw does left aileron produce?

A

Right yaw

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38
Q

What direction yaw does right aileron produce?

A

Left yaw

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39
Q

Together, what do the elevator, ailerons, and rudder control?

A

The plan’s attitude

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40
Q

How should you think with regards to control?

A

Pressure; not resulting movement

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41
Q

Describe pitch

A

Movement about the lateral, or Y, axis

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42
Q

Describe Roll

A

Movement about the longitudinal, or x, axis

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43
Q

Describe yaw

A

Movement about the vertical, or z, axis

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44
Q

What is attitude?

A

The position of the nose and wings in relation to the horizon

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45
Q

What is the purpose of Trim?

A

To relieve control pressure and reduce pilot fatigue

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46
Q

What do you need to do when changing bank attitude?

A

Use rudder to control adverse yaw

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47
Q

What is the result of lowering flaps?

A

Lowering flaps may cause an increase in camber, wing area, and drag

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48
Q

What does more camber and wing area produce?

A

The same lift at a lower airspeed

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49
Q

What is camber?

A

The camber of an airfoil is the characteristic curve of its upper and lower surfaces

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50
Q

Should you extend flaps at high speeds?

A

No, you may damage them

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51
Q

Vfe

A

The maximum flaps extended speed

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52
Q

For the C172, what is Vfe and how is it noted?

A

85 KIAS, the end of the white arc on the ASI

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53
Q

How can you find the stall speed with flaps extended?

A

The low end of the white arc on the ASI

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54
Q

What instrument measures power?

A

The tachometer, read in rpm

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55
Q

Why do you need to be aware what is behind the airplane when starting the engine?

A

Propeller wash

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56
Q

How do you clear the propeller arc when starting the engine?

A

Turn on the rotating beacon, then yell “CLEAR” while looking outside the plan (not at the checklists/charts)

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57
Q

How long should it take the engine to start while cranking?

A

10-15 seconds of cranking

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58
Q

What is the most important gauge to check while starting the engine?

A

Oil pressure

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59
Q

What is the color indication for Mandatory markings?

A

Red background, white numbers

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60
Q

What is the color indication for Location markings?

A

Yellow boarders, black background, yellow numbers/letters

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61
Q

What is the color indication for Direction markings?

A

Black boarders, yellow backgrounds, black numbers/letters

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62
Q

What color is the runway centerline?

A

White

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63
Q

What does the runway number denote?

A

The magnetic heading while facing down the runway, rounded to the nearest 10 degrees with the trailing 0 dropped

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64
Q

What color marks an unusable surface?

A

Yellow

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65
Q

What do displaced thresholds indicate?

A

The usable portion of the paved surface

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66
Q

What do arrows on the runway indicate?

A

An area usable for taxi and takeoff, but not for landing

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67
Q

What color denotes an overrun/stopway?

A

Yellow chevrons

68
Q

What symbol denotes a closed runway?

A

White X

69
Q

What symbol denotes a closed taxiway?

A

Yellow X

70
Q

What color is the taxiway centerline?

A

Yellow

71
Q

What color/pattern is a hold short line?

A

Double solid and double dashed yellow lines

72
Q

What does a hold-short line indicate?

A

The intersection of a taxiway and a runway

73
Q

What is a hot spot?

A

A location on an airport movement area with a history of potential risk or runway incursion

74
Q

What is necessary around hot spots?

A

Heightened attention

75
Q

How are Hot Spots marked on airport diagrams?

A

“HS 1,” “HS 6,” etc with detailed info listed

76
Q

What are the main things you mention to ground control when requesting taxi clearance?

A

Full N Number, where you are, what you want to do, and that you have ATIS information (if available)

77
Q

What light do you not turn on while taxiing?

A

Strobe lights

78
Q

Does ATC expect you to taxi immediately after requesting clearance?

A

Yes! Do not delay, but if you need more time, notify ATC

79
Q

How does a positive transfer of controls work?

A

Call/respond; You have flight controls –> I have flight controls –> You have flight controls

80
Q

How do you test the toe breaks before taxiing?

A

Release the parking break, increase power until the plane moves forward, and tap toe breaks until stopped

81
Q

How do you control the taxi?

A

With power and breaks

82
Q

What must be true before you apply any breaks?

A

Power must be at idle

83
Q

What is differential breaking and what is it used for?

A

Using only one toe break at a low speed, used to make tight turns while taxiing

84
Q

What do spring links in the rudder cause?

A

A slight delay in control response

85
Q

Generally speaking, how fast should you taxi?

A

No faster than a brisk walk

86
Q

How should the nose-wheel be oriented before coming to a stop?

A

Forward to avoid damage

87
Q

When can you cross a mandatory threshold?

A

ONLY when you have specific clearance from ATC to do so

88
Q

What do you need to do before contacting the tower for takeoff clearance?

A

Stop in the run-up area without blocking any other aircraft for the before departure checklist, then review the emergency procedures checklist

89
Q

What is visual scanning and what is it used for?

A

Visual scanning is a deliberate process that consists of dividing the sky into 10 degree sections, then moving your eyes to each in turn to scan the sky. It’s used to compensate for the eye’s blind spots

90
Q

With regards to the horizon, what is true of other traffic?

A

If the traffic is above the visual horizon, traffic is higher than you. If the traffic is below the visual horizon, traffic is lower than you.

91
Q

What represents the most serious collision threat, which requires immediate corrective action?

A

When traffic appears to display no movement relative to your own aircraft

92
Q

What should you consult for the recommended use of flap extension during takeoff?

A

The POH (flight manual)

93
Q

What do you set when you taxi onto the runway for takeoff?

A

The Directional Gyro (DG)

94
Q

How should you set the throttle lock when throttle is at full power during takeoff?

A

Twisted to lock

95
Q

What rudder direction is needed during takeoff and why?

A

Propeller torque will create left yawing tendencies, so right rudder is necessary to correct

96
Q

Vr

A

Rotation speed; the speed to begin pitching for takeoff

97
Q

Vy

A

The best rate of climb airspeed; gains most altitude in given time possible

98
Q

At max gross weight, what is Vr in the C172?

A

55 KIAS

99
Q

At max gross weight, what is Vy in the C172?

A

79 KIAS

100
Q

At max gross weight, what is the en-route climb airspeed in the C172?

A

75-85 KIAS

101
Q

What are the four fundamental flight maneuvers?

A

Climbs, descents, turns, and straight and level flight

102
Q

What is attitude flying?

A

Flying by means of visually establishing the airplanes attitude with reference to the natural horizon

103
Q

What is the general equation for performance?

A

Attitude + Power = Performance

104
Q

What are examples of performance indicators?

A

The ASI, Altimeter, and Heading indicator

105
Q

What is the three step climb entry sequence?

A

1) Adjust pitch to just above the horizon
2) Increase power to full throttle
3) Trim after stabilized to relieve control pressure

106
Q

What instruments measure climb performance?

A

ASI and VSI

107
Q

What limits climb performance?

A

Energy/Power available by engine

108
Q

What is the typical climb performance of most training aircraft?

A

~500 fpm

109
Q

How are the four forces interacting during a stabilized climb?

A

Lift = Weight and Thrust = Drag

110
Q

Besides ASI, Altimeter, etc, what must you pay attention to during a climb?

A

Engine performance, particularly temperature

111
Q

What should you try to do if the engine overheats while climbing?

A

Increasing airspeed by shallowing climb angle

112
Q

What should you do if the oil pressure is low during a climb?

A

Decrease power and land at the nearest airport

113
Q

What do you do if detonation occurs during a climb?

A

Decrease climb angle and increase airspeed to increase cooling airflow

114
Q

When V > Vy….

A

This is an en-route climb; gives better visibility over nose, improved engine cooling, and a higher airspeed

115
Q

When should you begin to level off after completing a climb?

A

About 50 ft prior to the desired altitude

116
Q

What is the three step sequence for leveling off from a climb sequence?

A

1) Lower pitch and wait for airspeed to increase to cruise
2) Reduce engine power to cruise setting
3) Trim to relieve control pressure

117
Q

What is the normal descent power in the C1272?

A

2000 rpm

118
Q

What is the three step sequence for descending?

A

1) Reduce power to 2000 rpm
2) Lower pitch attitude to just below the horizon
3) Trim to relieve control pressure

119
Q

What is typical airport traffic pattern speed?

A

65-85 KIAS

120
Q

What is the best glide descent speed in the C172 and what does it give you?

A

65 KIAS; gives the least altitude lost to greatest distance flown

121
Q

What speed range are approach descents done at?

A

60-90 KIAS

122
Q

For passenger comfort, what is the highest descent speed you should use?

A

500 fpm

123
Q

What is the three step sequence for leveling off from a descent?

A

1) Increase pitch to horizon
2) Increase power to cruise setting
3) Trim to relieve control pressure

124
Q

How much lead should you give to level off from a descent?

A

This depends on your reaction time, less than 50 ft should be adequate

125
Q

What is the typical attitude performance sequence during takeoff?

A

Takeoff –> Vy –> 500 ft AGL –> Can reduce pitch

126
Q

What type of force does turning produce?

A

An acceleration force due to centrifugal force

127
Q

How do you start a turn?

A

Deflect the ailerons, add back elevator pressure, coordinate turn with rudder pedals

128
Q

What are side loads indicative of during a turn?

A

Lack of turn coordination

129
Q

As long as the ailerons are deflected, what will continue?

A

Roll

130
Q

What should you still do after neutralizing the ailerons after establishing the bank attitude of a turn?

A

Keep holding elevator pressure back

131
Q

How do you coordinate the stopping of a banked turn?

A

Use opposite aileron and rudder controls while REDUCING elevator backpressure

132
Q

What does a curved flight path result in?

A

Increased load factor

133
Q

What are the eight cardinal directions?

A 
N: 360 Degrees
NY: 45 Degrees
E: 90 Degrees
SE: 135 Degrees
S: 180 Degrees
SW: 225 Degrees
W: 270 Degrees
NW: 315 Degrees
134
Q

What type of bank attitude should be used during a climbing turn?

A

Shallow

135
Q

What combo of aileron + rudder is needed during a climbing left turn?

A

Left aileron + Right rudder

136
Q

What combo of aileron + rudder is needed during a climbing right turn?

A

Left aileron + MORE right rudder

137
Q

What is the sequence for a climbing turn?

A

1) Increase pitch to just above the horizon
2) Increase power to full throttle
3) Establish medium bank attitude
4) Trim to relieve control pressure

138
Q

What is the sequence for a descending turn?

A

1) Reduce power to 2100 rpm
2) Lower pitch to just below horizon
3) Establish a medium bank attitude
4) Trim to relieve control pressure

139
Q

What is the sequence for slowing airspeed?

A

1) Decrease power
2) Increase pitch
3) Increase power
4) Trim

140
Q

What is Stability?

A

The airplane’s ability to return to its original flight condition after being disrupted

141
Q

What is static stability?

A

The airplane’s initial reaction to a disturbance. Described as positive, negative, or neutral

142
Q

What is dynamic stability?

A

The airplane’s actions over time (example of oscillations). Can also be positive, negative, or neutral

143
Q

What is lateral stability?

A

Roll stability

144
Q

What is longitudinal stability?

A

Pitch stability

145
Q

What is directional stability?

A

Yaw stability

146
Q

Briefly describe the post-flight inspection

A

Not as thorough as pre-flight, mostly just visual for any obvious leaks or issues/damage

147
Q

What are communications radios used for?

A

Talking to ATC, other aircraft, and getting weather information

148
Q

What are navigation radios used for?

A

Used for receiving navigation signals from the ground

149
Q

What comprises the pitot system?

A

The pitot tube and connecting lines

150
Q

What comprises the static system?

A

Static vent and connecting lines

151
Q

What gauges does the pitot-static system operate?

A

ASI, VSI, Altimeter

152
Q

Briefly describe the pitot-static system

A

The system uses a combination of devices to measure the static and dynamic air pressure

153
Q

What is the only direction-seeking instrument in the plane?

A

The magnetic compass

154
Q

How often should you compare the magnetic compass and heading indicator?

A

About every 15 mins

155
Q

What are the gyroscopic flight instruments?

A

Turn coordinator, heading indicator, and attitude indicator

156
Q

Which gyroscopic flight instruments are controlled by the vacuum system?

A

The heading indicator and Attitude indicator

157
Q

Which gyroscopic flight instruments are controlled by the electric system?

A

The turn coordinator

158
Q

What concept is pilot training built on?

A

The concept of fostering a pilot-in-command (PIC) mentality

159
Q

What must you always have with you when flying?

A

Your private pilot certificate, photo ID, and medical

160
Q

What recent flight experience must you have to fly with passengers?

A

At least 3 takeoffs and landings in previous 90 days in aircraft of the same category/class/type

161
Q

What must always be part of your logbook entires?

A

Date, total flight time, locations flown, type and ID of aircraft

162
Q

What airplane maintenance records are checked as part of pre-flight?

A

Air-frame/Engine/Propeller records, which are not required during flight

163
Q

What are the required maintenance inspections for all aircraft?

A

Annual condition report and Airworthiness Directives

164
Q

Aircraft Annual Condition Report

A

Must be done once for every 12 month period

165
Q

Airworthiness Directivess (ADs)

A

Issued by the FAA when a crucial maintenance item must be performed. Compliance is almost always mandatory

166
Q

What is an AME?

A

Aviation Medical Examiner, a licensed physician for completing an FAA physical

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