Chapter 1 - Applied Anatomy and Physiology (1c - The Structure and Function of the Cardio-Respiratory System) Flashcards
Define tidal volume and state how exercise affects it.
- Amount of air inhaled/exhaled per breath.
- Tidal volume increases with exercise.
What is the expiratory reserve volume and how does exercise affect it?
- Amount of air that can be forced out after tidal volume.
- Expiratory reserve volume decreases during exercise.
Give the definition of inspiratory reserve volume and state how exercise affects it.
- Amount of air that can be forced in after tidal volume.
- Inspiratory reserve volume decreases during exercise.
Define what residual volume is and state how exercise affects it.
- Amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration.
- Residual volume is not affected by exercise.
Gas exchange is done by the respiratory system. State the first 2 steps in gas exchange.
- Oxygen breathed in is passed through the alveoli, into the red blood cells in the capillaries.
- In the capillaries, oxygen combines with ‘haemoglobin’ to form ‘oxyhaemoglobin’, then is carried around the body.
Give the third and fourth step in gas exchange.
- Haemoglobin carries Co2 from the body to the capillaries.
4. The Co2 in the capillaries pass out through the alveoli, which is breathed out.
Describe what happens when we inhale oxygen from the air.
- Diaphragm moves up and out.
- Intercostal muscles contract, raising the ribs.
- This reduces air pressure in the chest, causing air to be sucked in.
We breath out to get rid of excess carbon dioxide. Describe the process of breathing out.
- The diaphragm moves up.
- Intercostal muscles relax, lowering the ribs.
- This increases air pressure in the chest, pushing out the carbon dioxide.
Describe what happens to your breathing during vigorous exercise.
- Inhalation and exhalation occurs at a faster pace.
- More oxygen is supplied to working muscles.
- More air is exhaled to get rid of carbon dioxide made from the working muscles.
Define stroke volume and state what happens to it with exercise.
- The volume of blood pumped out of the ventricle each beat.
- Increases with exercise.
Define heart rate and state what happens to it during exercise.
- The number of times your heart beats each minute.
- Increases with exercise.
State what cardiac output is.
- The volume of blood pumped out of your ventricles each minute.
How do you calculate cardiac output?
- SV x HR = Q
- SV = Stroke Volume
- HR = Heart Rate
- Q = Cardiac Output
What is diastole?
- The phase of the heartbeat when chambers of the heart fill with blood.
What is systole?
- The phase of the heartbeat when the chambers contract and empty of blood.
Describe the structure and function of the arteries.
- Thick muscular walls with small internal diameter.
- Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart.
- Doesn’t have any valves.
Describe the structure and function of the veins.
- Thin walls and large internal diameter.
- Carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart
- Contains valves, preventing backflow.
Describe the structure and function of the capillaries.
- Very thin walls, allowing oxygen and Co2 to pass through during gas exchange.
- Deoxygenated blood becomes oxygenated at the capillaries.
- 1 cell thick
Explain the path that blood takes through the heart. (6)
- Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium (1)
- Then passes through a valve into the right ventricle (1)
- Pulmonary artery transports deoxygenated blood to lungs (1)
- Gas exchange occurs (1)
- Pulmonary vein transports oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium (1)
- Passes through a valve into the left ventricle (1)
- Oxygenated blood is ejected from the heart via the aorta (1) - (extra mark)
Explain what vasoconstriction is and how it functions during exercise.
- Narrowing of the internal diameter of a blood vessel to decrease blood flow.
- Arteries are constricted during exercise, so less blood is delivered to inactive areas.
Explain what vasoconstriction is and how it functions during exercise.
- Narrowing of the internal diameter of a blood vessel to decrease blood flow.
- Arteries are constricted during exercise, so less blood is delivered to inactive areas.
Explain what vasodilation is and how it functions during exercise.
- Widening of the internal diameter of a blood vessel to increase blood flow.
- Arteries dilate during exercise, so more blood is delivered to active areas, increasing their oxygen supply.
State the equation for aerobic exercise.
- Glucose + Oxygen —> Energy + Carbon Dioxide + Water
State the equation for anaerobic exercise.
Glucose —> Energy + Lactic acid
