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chapter 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the nose that affect the air we breathe?

Warms, filters, humidifies

Cools, filters, humidifies

Warms, humidifies, allows speech

Warms, filters, dries

A

Warms, filters, humidifies

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2
Q

Partial pressure of water vapor depends on

Deepness of breath

Force of exhalation
Time

Temperature

A

Temperature

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2
Q

What is the meaning of the word “Respiration”?

Moving oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood

Process of moving gas into and out of lungs

A

Moving oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood

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3
Q

The Upper Airway ends AFTER which structure?
Primary Bronchi
Pharynx
trachea
Larynx

A

Larynx

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4
Q

What structures are NOT part of “Conducting airways”?

Bronchioles
Trachea
Terminal bronchioles
Larynx
Respiratory bronchioles
Pharynx

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Pharynx

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5
Q

What respiratory process uses the “Conducting airways”?

Ventilation
Respiration

A

Ventilation

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6
Q

What is the function of a “Conducting airway”?

Performs gas exchange in respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

Allow air to pass from the nose to terminal bronchioles

A

Allow air to pass from the nose to terminal bronchioles

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7
Q

Do conducting airways participate in gas exchange?

No
Yes

A

No

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8
Q

What is the definition of a “Conducting airway”?

Contains membranes where gas exchange takes place

Connect outside air with gas-exchange membrane in lungs

A

Connect outside air with gas-exchange membrane in lungs

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9
Q

What is the meaning of the word “Ventilation”?

Moving oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood

Process of moving gas into and out of lungs

Moving oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood

A

Process of moving gas into and out of lungs

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10
Q

What happens to air temperature as it travels from pharynx to trachea?

Increases from 30C to 33C
Increases from 22C to 33C
Decreases from 33C to 30C
Increases from 30C to 37C

A

Increases from 30C to 33C

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11
Q

Which type of transport requires ATP?
Passive transport

Active transport

A

Active transport

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12
Q

Osmosis is diffusion of water across a membrane.
True
False

A

True

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13
Q

Of the two ways water can move, which is active transport?

Hydrostatic pressure
Osmosis

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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14
Q

What is the medical term for nostrils?
Vibrissae
Nasal septum
Turbinates (conchae)
Nasal fossae
Choanae
Nares

A

Nares

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15
Q

Inspired gas has to be warmed to ___ and humidified to ___ before it reaches the alveoli.
37°C; 80%
37°C; 100%
98°C; 90%
35°C; 100%

A

37°C; 100%

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16
Q

When does the temperature of air reach isothermic saturation (body temperature; 37*C)?

In the pharynx
In the alveoli
In the trachea
In the bronchi, past the carina

A

In the bronchi, past the carina

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17
Q

What are the posterior nasal apertures?
Nares
Choanae
Nasal septum
Nasal fossae
Vibrissae
Turbinates (conchae)

A

Choanae

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18
Q

Gas exchange is not inhibited when
Temp is 98C
Humidity is 80%
Temp is 35C
Temp is 37*C

A

Temp is 37*C

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19
Q

What is divided by the nasal septum?
Nares
Vibrissae
Turbinates (conchae)
Choanae
Nasal fossae

A

Nasal fossae

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20
Q

What influences how easily water vapor can cross membranes?

Force of exhalation

Partial pressure of water vapor

Concentration of oxygen
Deepness of breath

A

Partial pressure of water vapor

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21
Q

What is the narrowest portion of the upper airway in infants?

Nasal fossae
Vallecula
Vibrissae
Cricoid cartilage

A

Cricoid cartilage

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22
Q

What is the cartilage plate in the nose?

Nasal septum
Turbinates (conchae)
Vibrissae
Nares
Choanae
Nasal fossae

A

Nasal septum

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23
Q

What is the narrowest portion of the upper airway in adults?
Vallecula
Nasal fossae
Vocal cords
Cricoid cartilage

A

Vocal cords

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24
What is the medical term for nose hairs? Turbinates (conchae) Nasal fossae Nares Vibrissae Choanae Nasal septum
Vibrissae
25
Breathing strictly through the mouth increases humidification of inspired air True False
False
26
Breathing strictly through the mouth increases warming of inspired air True False
False
27
What helps generate pressure to cough? You Answered Conchae Glottis Vallecula Vocal cords
Vocal cords
28
When using an ET, humidification and filtration are bypassed True False
True
29
What projection swirls air around? Nares Nasal fossae Nasal septum Turbinates (conchae) Choanae Vibrissae
Turbinates (conchae)
29
Why is cricoid pressure needed during intubation? reduce risk of regurgitation prevent bleeding opens esophagus reduce swelling
reduce risk of regurgitation
30
What is an important landmark during endotracheal intubation? Vallecula Choanae Vibrissae Nasal fossae
Vallecula
31
The trachea extends from: C1 to T5 C2 to T12 C6 to T5 C6 to T12
C6 to T5
32
"Thumb sign" suggests acute infectious epiglottitis True False
True
33
The carina is at the bifurcation of the trachea into bronchi. True False
True
34
Where is the isothermic saturation boundary? Bronchioles 5 cm distal to the carina Larynx Alveoli
5 cm distal to the carina
35
"Steeple Sign" is from swelling of the epiglottis True False
False
36
"Steeple Sign" is typically seen in children with stridor True False
False
37
Which is true of the right bronchus compared to the left? Right is smaller diameter Right is twice as short Right points more sideways
Right is twice as short
38
Extubation can stimulate reflex laryngospasm. True False
True
39
Upper airways demonstrate dichotomous branching True False
False
40
Stridor is a barking cough True False
False
41
Croup is a whistling sound from foreign object obstruction True False
False
42
What do lamellar bodies secrete? Histamine Antibodies Surfactant Mucus
Surfactant
43
Which of the following are simple squamous epithelium? Type II Epithelial cells Type I Epithelial cells
Type I Epithelial cells
44
Dehydration can cause impairment of mucociliary clearance True False
True
45
Which of the following increases mucus production in presence of allergens? Mast cells Eosinophils Neutrophils
Eosinophils
46
Aspirations are more likely to enter which bronchus? Left Right
Right
47
Which of the following migrate to phagocytize bacteria? Neutrophils Eosinophils Mast cells
Neutrophils
48
Which of the following is not part of an acinus? Terminal bronchiole Alveolar sac Alveoli Alveolar duct
Terminal bronchiole
49
Smooth muscle, elastic fibers, blood vessels, nerves are found in the Lamina propria Epithelium No answer text provided. Basement membrane
Lamina propria
50
Which of the following releases Histamine for smooth muscle constriction? Eosinophils Mast cells Neutrophils
Mast cells
51
Which of the following contains lamellar bodies? Type I Epithelial cells Type II Epithelial cells
Type II Epithelial cells
52
The Isothermic saturation boundary is where air is 100% saturated and at 37°C True False
True
53
Projection of the lower portion of left upper lobe that overlaps heart? Corina Pulmonary ligament Lingula Hilum
Lingula
54
Which is where arteries, veins, bronchi enter and leave lungs? Lingula Pulmonary ligament Corina Hilum
Hilum
55
Which is smooth; adjoins inner chest wall? Costal surfaces Mediastinal surfaces Apex Base
Costal surfaces
56
Which lung is missing the middle lobe? Left Right
Left
57
Which is the lower concave part of lung? Costal surfaces Apex Mediastinal surfaces Base
Base
57
Which is true? Left hemi-diaphragm is higher than right Right hemi-diaphragm is higher than left
Right hemi-diaphragm is higher than left
58
This diaphragm's highest and lowest margins are T1 to T12 T10 to T12 T8 to T10 T7 to T9
T8 to T10
59
Connects lung’s surface membrane with diaphragm? Hilum Pulmonary ligament Lingula Corina
Pulmonary ligament
60
Which contains heart, aorta, trachea, main stem bronchi? Base Mediastinal surfaces Costal surfaces Apex
Mediastinal surfaces
60
Which is the upper rounded part of lung? Mediastinal surfaces Costal surfaces Apex Base
Apex
61
Arises from aorta, supplies airway walls Pulmonary circulation Bronchial systemic circulation
Bronchial systemic circulation
62
An embolism from the deep veins gets stuck in the lungs True False
True
63
Where does pleural effusion fluid settle? Costophrenic Angle Corina Alveoli Diaphragmatic Angle
Costophrenic Angle
64
Thoracentesis is the surgical removal of excess pleural fluid True False
True
65
Attaches to lung’s surface Pleural space Parietal pleura Visceral pleura
Visceral pleura
65
Where lowest margin of diaphragm meets chest wall Costophrenic Angle Diaphragmatic Angle Corina
Costophrenic Angle
65
Pneumothorax occurs when air punctures the Visceral pleura Pleural space Parietal pleura
Pleural space
66
Effect of pleural effusion on the pressure required to inflate the lungs? Less pressure is required More pressure is required
More pressure is required
67
Attaches to inner chest wall surface Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Pleural space
Parietal pleura
68
Provides cohesive forces that keep membranes from separating Parietal pluera Visceral pluera Pleural space No answer text provided.
Pleural space
68
Intrapleural pressure is sub-atmospheric due to Chest wall tries to contract Lungs try to expand Chest wall tries to expand
Chest wall tries to expand
69
Motor neuron between ribs Phrenic nerve Thoracic nerve Intercostal nerve Vagus nerve
Intercostal nerve
70
Bronchopulm anastomoses creates alveolar-to-arterial oxygen pressure difference True False
True
71
Afferent neurons convey sensory stimulus to the muscles True False
False
72
Which one opens bronchioles? Beta 1 receptors Alpha 2 receptors Beta 2 receptors Alpha 1 receptors
Beta 2 receptors
73
Autonomic nervous system: Sensory and Motor neurons to smooth and cardiac muscle True False
False
73
Motor neuron to diaphragm Intercostal nerve Vagus nerve Phrenic nerve Thoracic nerve
Phrenic nerve
74
Originate from C3 to C5 Intercostal nerves Phrenic nerves
Phrenic nerves
75
ANS Sympathetic branch Thoracic nerve Vagus nerve Intercostal nerve Phrenic nerve
Thoracic nerve
75
ANS Parasympathetic branch Phrenic nerve Vagus nerve Thoracic nerve Intercostal nerve
Vagus nerve
76
Bronchopulm anastomosis: Pulm vein deoxy blood mixes w/ oxy blood from bronchial capillary True False
False
77
What causes bronchodilation? Epinephrine Acetylcholine Vagus nerve
Epinephrine
78
Rapidly adapting irritant receptors (RAR) Hering-Breuer reflex Cough reflex J-receptors
Cough reflex
78
Neurotransmitter for sympathetic nervous system Acetylcholine Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine
79
Stimulation of β2 receptors in the airway causes bronchodilation sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
80
Sympathetic nerves innervate airway smooth muscle True False
False
81
Slowly adapting stretch receptors Hering-Breuer reflex J-receptors Cough reflex
Hering-Breuer reflex
82
What is NOT true about the Hering–Breuer inflation reflex? Tells Vagus nerve to tell midbrain to stop exhaling Allows expiration to occur Pulmonary stretch receptors respond to excessive stretching prevent the over-inflation of the lung
Tells Vagus nerve to tell midbrain to stop exhaling
83
C-fibers (NANC stimulatory nerves) Hering-Breuer reflex Cough reflex J-receptors
J-receptors
84
Parasympathetic innervates all EXCEPT Pulmonary vasculature Mucous glands Adrenal medulla Smooth airway muscle
Adrenal medulla
85
Neurotransmitter for parasympathetic nervous system Norepinephrine Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine
86
Overstimulation cause SLUD sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
87
J-receptors are innervated by Vagus nerve Phrenic nerve Epinephrine
Vagus nerve
88
How many Vertebro-sternal ribs are there? 12 7 5 3
7
89
Which is NOT a primary muscle used for quiet breathing? Diaphragm Internal intercostals Sternomastoids External intercostals
Sternomastoids
90
Airway irritants stimulate the phrenic nerve to cause a cough. True False
False
91
Flattened hemi-diaphragms, decreases lower thoracic dimensions; limited downward movement Diaphragmatic paralysis Overdistension (emphysema)
Overdistension (emphysema)
92
How many chondral ribs are there? 7 5 3 12
3
93
Which is NOT an accessory muscle used for increased WOB? Pectoralis major Abdominals Scalenes Internal intercostals Sternomastoids
Internal intercostals
94
The Sternal angle is at the level of the carina True False
True
95
Diaphragm sucked upward by sub-atmospheric pressure in thorax during deep inspiration Diaphragmatic paralysis Overdistension (emphysema)
Diaphragmatic paralysis
96
Stimulation of the J-receptors causes a reflex decrease in breathing rate increase in breathing rate
increase in breathing rate
97

Anatomy (9 decks)

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