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Anatomy > Chapters 6&7 Brain, Nerves, and Muscles > Flashcards

Chapters 6&7 Brain, Nerves, and Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What is the electrical current that travels down the muscle cell?

neuromuscular junction
action potential
neurotransmitter
acetylcholine

A

action potential

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2
Q

Moving arms away from the midline of your body is called:

circumduction
abduction
flexion
adduction

A

abduction

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3
Q

Striated involuntary muscle tissue is classified as ________ muscle.

skeletal
either smooth or skeletal
cardiac
smooth

A

cardiac

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4
Q

Muscles that perform opposite actions to one another are termed:

prime movers
synergists
agonists
antagonists

A

antagonists

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5
Q

What neurotransmitter stimulates a skeletal muscle to contract?

myosin heads
sodium ions
potassium ions
acetylcholine

A

acetylcholine

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6
Q

The gap between the axon terminal and the target cell membrane:

sarcomere
motor unit
cross bridge
synaptic cleft

A

synaptic cleft

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7
Q

One neuron and all the skeletal muscles it stimulates is known as a:

sarcoplasmic reticulum
neuromuscular junction
synaptic cleft
motor unit

A

motor unit

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8
Q

What breaks down acetylcholine?

acetylcholinesterase
sarcoplasmic reticulum
cross bridges
calcium ions

A

acetylcholinesterase

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9
Q

The point of muscle attachment to an immovable or less movable bone is the:

innervation
insertion
origin
action

A

origin

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10
Q

Which of the following is an example of an isometric contraction?

bending the elbow

lifting weights

shaking the head as to say “no”

pushing against an immovable wall

A

pushing against an immovable wall

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11
Q

Which movement is involved drawing a circle with a body part?
adduction
supination
circumduction
rotation

A

circumduction

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12
Q

Non-striated involuntary muscle tissue found in organs is:

smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
skeletal muscle
dense regular connective tissue

A

smooth muscle

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13
Q

A skeletal muscle twitch differs from a tetanic contraction in that:

Twitch is brief and “jerky, while tetanic is continuous

Twitch is continuous while a tetanic is brief and “jerky”

Tetanic is from one stimulus, twitch is from multiple

Twitch is in small muscles, tetanic is in large muscles

A

Twitch is brief and “jerky, while tetanic is continuous

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14
Q

Which one of the following is NOT a criterion generally used in naming muscles?

method of attachment of the muscle to bone
shape of the muscle
relative size of the muscle
action of the muscle

A

method of attachment of the muscle to bone

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15
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the muscular system?

Produce body heat
Maintain posture
Respiration
blood cell formation

A

blood cell formation

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16
Q

Which muscle is the prime mover in inhalation?

diaphragm
internal intercostals
external intercostals
scalenes

A

diaphragm

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17
Q

What condition results if muscles are not used, such as when in a cast?
scoliosis
hypertrophy
atrophy
spina bifida

A

atrophy

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18
Q

Which of the following muscles are antagonists?

scalenes and external intercostals
Diaphragm and scalenes
scalenes and sternocleidomastoid
scalenes and internal intercostals

A

scalenes and internal intercostals

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19
Q

During quiet breathing, ___ are active, while ____ are inactive.

Scalenes / intercostals

external intercostals / internal intercostals

scalenes / sternocleidomastoids

A

scalenes / sternocleidomastoids

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20
Q

Which does NOT compress abdomen during forced exhalation?

external oblique
rectus abdominis
transverse abdominis
external intercostals

A

external intercostals

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21
Q

Isotonic exercise in which muscles increase in size and strength:
biking
swimming
jogging
lifting weights

A

lifting weights

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22
Q

An inherited disease that causes muscles to degenerate and atrophy is known as:

cystic fibrosis
muscular dystrophy
myasthenia gravis
torticollis

A

muscular dystrophy

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23
Q

The overall effect of raising the rib cage is to assist in

Inhalation
Exhalation

A

Inhalation

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24
Q

What is the main function of the abdominal wall muscles group?

Quiet respiration
Forced inspiration
Forced expiration
Quiet expiration

A

Forced expiration

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25
Use of which muscles at rest is a sign of respiratory distress? Diaphragm Accessory muscles Rib cage muscles Abdominal muscles
Accessory muscles
26
The condition of skeletal muscle fatigue can be best explained by: inadequate numbers of mitochondria in muscle cells the all-or-none law inability of the muscle to contract even if stimulated defective machinery for generating sufficient ATP
inability of the muscle to contract even if stimulated
27
Which muscles are both inspiratory and expiratory? Diaphragm rib cage muscles abdominal muscles
rib cage muscles
28
Which of the following muscles is the most important synergist to the diaphragm? internal intercostals scalenes external intercostals sternocleidomastoid
external intercostals
29
Paralysis of this requires permanent ventilation with a machine: external intercostals internal intercostals diaphragm scalenes
diaphragm
30
Which muscles have intercalated discs? Cardiac Smooth Skeletal Diaphragm
Cardiac
31
Neurons either conduct action potentials or remain at rest. This describes repolarization the all-or-none response saltatory conduction a reflex arc
the all-or-none response
32
What is damaged if nerve impulses are blocked to muscles or glands axon terminals sensory neuron afferent neurons motor neuron
motor neuron
33
What are the two main functional subdivisions of the nervous system? somatic and autonomic autonomic and sympathetic sensory and motor central and peripheral
central and peripheral
34
An action potential is caused by an influx of ________ ions into the cell. calcium both potassium and sodium potassium sodium
sodium
35
Support cells in the central nervous system are collectively called myelin sheaths oligodendrocytes microglia neuroglia
neuroglia
36
Which one transmits impulses toward the CNS? interneuron sensory neuron motor neuron
sensory neuron
37
Which ones make up 99.98% of the neurons in the body? interneuron motor neuron sensory neuron
interneuron
38
During repolarization, what ions are pumped out of the cell? calcium potassium both sodium and potassium sodium
sodium
39
What are the major positive ions outside of the neuron? magnesium ions sodium ions calcium ions potassium ions
sodium ions
40
Which term means a nerve impulse has been initiated and is being transmitted? local depolarization action potential depolarization repolarization
action potential
41
The gap between two communicating neurons is termed node of Ranvier synaptic cleft Schwann cell cell body
synaptic cleft
42
The part of the neuron that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body is cell body axon synaptic cleft dendrite
axon
43
What part of the neuron contains neurotransmitters in vesicles? dendrites axon terminals myelin sheath Schwann cells
axon terminals
44
What controls temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst? medulla oblongata hypothalamus thalamus cerebrum
hypothalamus
45
Blood supply to the brain is blocked cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke Parkinson's disease multiple sclerosis Huntington's disease
cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke
46
What fissure separates the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain? transverse fissure sagittal fissure longitudinal fissure cerebral fissure
longitudinal fissure
47
Which of the following is one of the major functions of the pons? consciousness breathing hunger thirst
breathing
48
Damage to the primary motor cortex inability to voluntarily move skeletal muscles inability to recognize patterns and faces inability to form complex memories inability to say words properly
inability to voluntarily move skeletal muscles
49
What is the relay station for sensory impulses traveling upward? thalamus hypothalamus pituitary gland midbrain
thalamus
50
Hemiplegia and aphasia are characteristics of contusion cerebral edema concussion cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke
cerebrovascular accident (CVA), or stroke
51
What allows communication between the two cerebral hemispheres? corpus callosum fornix pons thalamus
corpus callosum
52
The brain and spinal cord are protected by three arachnoid villi ventricles meninges sinuses
meninges
53
enters for control of heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, and vomiting hypothalamus midbrain medulla oblongata pons
medulla oblongata
54
The hypothalamus regulates the pineal gland thalamus pons pituitary gland
pituitary gland
55
From outermost to innermost layers: pia, arachnoid, dura dura, arachnoid, pia dura, pia, arachnoid pia, dura, arachnoid
dura, arachnoid, pia
56
The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are located in the brain stem cerebellum diencephalon hypothalamus
brain stem
57
Which part of the brain is sedated by alcohol? cerebrum thalamus cerebellum pons
cerebellum
58
Progressive, degenerative disease of the brain, results in dementia Alzheimer's disease Parkinson's disease cerebral palsy Huntington's disease
Alzheimer's disease
59
Vertebrae fail to form completely around the spinal cord spina bifida cystic fibrosis cerebral palsy hydrocephaly
spina bifida
60
Pulling a hand away from a hot stove demonstrates patellar reflex two-neuron reflex withdrawal reflex knee-jerk reflex
withdrawal reflex
61
Symptoms of a disorder includes weak reflexes. Lower Motor Neurons Interneurons Upper Motor Neurons Spinal nerves
Lower Motor Neurons
62
Which of the following contains a mixture of motor and sensory neurons? ventral roots dorsal root ganglia ventral root ganglia spinal nerves
spinal nerves
63
Which of the following contains motor neurons only? ventral root ganglia dorsal root ganglia spinal nerves ventral roots
ventral roots
64
The spinal cord terminates by vertebra S5 L5 S1 L3
L3
65
Symptoms of a disorder includes weak muscles but normal reflexes. Spinal nerves Lower Motor Neurons Upper Motor Neurons Interneurons
Upper Motor Neurons
66
Cell body is in the ventral horn of the grey matter of the spinal cord Spinal nerves Interneurons Upper Motor Neurons Lower Motor Neurons
Lower Motor Neurons
67
Sends commands to the skeletal muscle to contract pupillary somatic salivary autonomic
somatic
68
These transmit signals from the sensory pathways to the motor pathways. Lower Motor Neurons Upper Motor Neurons Spinal nerves Interneurons
Interneurons
69
What do the ventral roots and dorsal roots fuse to form? medulla oblongata the dorsal root ganglion spinal nerves the spinal cord
spinal nerves
70
Which of the following contains sensory neurons only? spinal nerves dorsal root ganglia ventral root ganglia ventral roots
dorsal root ganglia
71
Which plexus includes the phrenic nerve to the diaphragm? Lumbar Cervical Sacral Thoracic
Cervical
72
Cell body is in the brain Spinal nerves Lower Motor Neurons Upper Motor Neurons Interneurons
Upper Motor Neurons
73
Ganglia are collections of ________. dendrites axons axon terminals cell bodies
cell bodies

Anatomy (8 decks)

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