chapter 14 Flashcards
1
Q
The first digestive process, which involves placing food in the mouth
absorption
defication
ingestion
digestion
A
ingestion
2
Q
Which salivary glands are anterior to the ear?
sublingual glands
submandibular glands
lacrimal glands
parotid glands
A
parotid glands
3
Q
The portion of the tooth embedded in the jawbone
crown
root
enamel
neck
A
root
4
Q
Wisdom teeth typically emerge later in life around age 30-40.
True
False
A
False
5
Q
What anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth and limits its movements?
uvula
lingual frenulum
hard palate
vestibule
A
lingual frenulum
6
Q
The process of eliminating indigestible solid waste products
ingestion
digestion
defication
absorption
A
defication
7
Q
Where does starch digestion begin?
small intestine
pancreas
mouth
stomach
A
mouth
8
Q
The process of mechanically and chemically breaking food
digestion
absorption
defecation
ingestion
A
digestion
9
Q
Large food molecules are broken down into their building blocks
ingestion
propulsion
digestion
absorption
A
digestion
10
Q
A nutrient may be a carbohydrate, lipid, protein, vitamin, mineral or water.
True
False
A
True
11
Q
How many baby teeth will a child have by 2 years of age?
28
12
32
20
A
20
12
Q
The process of swallowing is known as
segmentation
mastication
deglutition
defecation
A
deglutition
13
Q
Teeth function in mastication.
True
False
A
True
14
Q
The anterior chisel-shaped teeth that are adapted for cutting
molars
premolars
canines
incisors
A
incisors
15
Q
The area in the mouth contained by the teeth is known as
lingual frenulum
labia
uvula
oral cavity
vestibule
A
oral cavity
16
Q
Intrinsic factor is necessary for the absorption of vitamin
B3
B6
B12
B9
A
B12
17
Q
The eight essential amino acids are ones the body cannot make and must be consumed through our diet.
True
False
A
true
18
Q
What is one of the main functions of the small intestine?
waste secretion
vitamin conversion
absorption of nutrients
absorption of water
A
absorption of nutrients
19
Q
Which one of the following is continuous with the esophagus?
nasopharynx
laryngopharynx
oropharynx
larynx
A
laryngopharynx
20
Q
Large folds in the stomach lining that allow for expansion
haustra
microvilli
villi
rugae
A
rugae
21
Q
What region is the terminal part of the stomach?
fundus
greater curvature
body
pylorus
A
pylorus
22
Q
Muscularis externa contains an inner circular and an outer longitudinal layer.
True
False
A
true
23
Q
Correct order through which food passes in the alimentary canal
mouth, esophagus, pharynx, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
pharynx, mouth, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, anus
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, anus
A
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
24
Q
A hiatal hernia causing heartburn results from weakness in what sphincter?
upper esophageal sphincter
ileocecal sphincter
pyloric sphincter
cardiac sphincter
A
cardiac sphincter
25
What ceramic-like substance covers the crown of a tooth?
cement
root
pulp
enamel
enamel
26
Which sphincter controls food movement from the stomach into the small intestine?
cardioesophageal
anal
ileocecal
pyloric
pyloric
27
Where does protein digestion begin?
mouth
stomach
pancreas
pharynx
stomach
28
The propulsive process that moves food from one organ to the next
digestion
ingestion
absorption
peristalsis
peristalsis
29
The enamel found on teeth is the hardest in the body.
True
False
true
30
The small intestine extends from the
cardioesophgeal sphincter to the pyloric sphincter
ileocecal valve to the appendix
appendix to the sigmoid colon
pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve
pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve
31
Which of the following features is NOT characteristic of the small intestine?
microvilli
plicae circulares
Peyer's patches
rugae
rugae
32
What organ stores bile when food digestion is not occurring?
liver
pancreas
gallbladder
spleen
gallbladder
32
Fingerlike projections of the small intestine that increase the absorptive surface area?
haustra
rugae
villi
cilia
villi
33
What are the three regions of the small intestine?
ileum, cecum, rectum
cardiac, body, pylorus
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
cecum, colon, rectum
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
34
The pancreas produces bicarbonate that neutralizes the acidic chyme entering the small intestine from the stomach.
True
False
True
35
What organs release secretions into the duodenum?
cecum and appendix
pancreas, gallbladder and spleen
liver, gallbladder and pancreas
appendix and Peyer's patches
liver, gallbladder and pancreas
36
Which organ dries out indigestible food residue?
large intestine
liver
small intestine
stomach
large intestine
37
Which one of the following is NOT associated with the large intestine?
cecum
colon
appendix
duodenum
duodenum
38
Folds of the mucosa in the small intestine that increase surface area
plicae circulares
haustra
villi
microvilli
plicae circulares
39
Digestive activities are mostly controlled by reflexes of the parasympathetic nervous system.
True
False
true
40
Prevents pancreatic juices from reaching the small intestine
appendicitis
cystic fibrosis
phenylketonuria
gastroenteritis
cystic fibrosis
41
The villi, microvilli, and Plicae circulares of the large intestine all increase the surface area.
True
False
false
42
Enzymes and bile are carried into the
jejunum
ileocecal valve
duodenum
ileum
duodenum
43
Collections of lymphatic tissue found in the submucosa of the small intestine
parietal cells
enteroendocrine cells
villi
Peyer's patches
Peyer's patches
44
Bile is formed by the ________ and stored in the ________.
liver; gallbladder
pancreas; gallbladder
spleen; liver
gallbladder; liver
liver; gallbladder
45
The segment of the colon to which the appendix is attached is the cecum.
True
False
true
45
Jaundice indicates that bile has backed up into the
esophagus
liver
stomach
large intestine
liver
46
The process of making glucose from fats and proteins
glycolysis
glycogenesis
gluconeogenesis
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
46
When the wall of the rectum becomes stretched, the ________ reflex is initiated.
enterogastric
defecation
sucking
rooting
defecation
47
Performed by the liver to create new glucose from fats and proteins
gluconeogenesis
glycogenolysis
glycogenesis
glycolysis
gluconeogenesis
48
Goblet cells in the mucosa of the large intestine produce mucus to lubricate the passage of feces.
True
False
true
49
Which one of the following is NOT a main role of the liver?
add ammonia to the blood
detoxify drugs and alcohol
make cholesterol
process nutrients during digestion
add ammonia to the blood
49
The anal canal has a voluntary sphincter formed by smooth muscle only.
True
False
false
49
Ketoacidosis results from the incomplete breakdown of
proteins
cholesterol
glycogen
fats
fats
50
The major fuel for making ATP in most cells of the body is
glucose
starch
cellulose
saturated fat
glucose
50
Which one of the following is NOT true of cholesterol?
It makes up steroid hormones.
Only about 15 percent of cholesterol comes from the diet.
It is found in cell membranes.
It provides energy fuel.
It provides energy fuel.
51
Fat breakdown products can acidify the blood, a condition known as
acidosis or ketoacidosis
cirrhosis
hepatitis
alkalosis
acidosis or ketoacidosis
52
Fat is used as the major fuel for making ATP during cellular respiration in most body cells.
True
False
false
53
Haustra are pocket-like sacs of the small intestine.
True
False
false
54
Proteins and blood cells should not be found in filtrate.
True
False
true
55
The medial indentation where the ureter, blood vessels, and nerves connect to the kidney
renal hilum
renal pyramid
renal capsule
renal column
renal hilum
56
What region of the kidney is deep to the renal cortex?
hilum
renal column
calyx
medulla
medulla
57
What stimulates the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus?
high blood pressure
high blood volume
low blood potassium levels
low blood pressure
high blood sodium levels
low blood pressure
58
Large substances travel from the afferent arteriole, through the glomerulus, to the efferent arteriole.
True
False
true
59
Filtrate from the glomerulus is captured by the
renal pyramid
renal hilum
glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
collecting duct
glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
60
Which one of the following terms describes the location of the kidneys?
suprarenal
intraperitoneal
retroperitoneal
adrenal
retroperitoneal
61
Which one of the following is NOT one of the functions of the kidneys?
regulate blood volume
produce hormones that lower blood pressure
convert vitamin D from its inactive to its active form
dispose of metabolic waste products
produce hormones that lower blood pressure
62
What is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and forms urine?
renal pyramid
renal pelvis
nephron
glomerulus
nephron
63
From outermost to innermost, what are the three regions of the kidney?
cortex, medulla, renal pelvis
renal pelvis, renal pyramids, renal columns
medulla, cortex, hilum
hilum, medulla, cortex
renal pelvis, renal pyramids, renal columns
64
Starting from the glomerulus, the correct order is
proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule
proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule
proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule
65
Each kidney has a renal hilum, and an adrenal gland on top.
True
False
true
66
Where are the glomeruli located?
renal pelvis
renal pyramids
medulla
cortex
cortex
67
What blood vessel carries blood from the aorta into the kidney?
renal vein
renal artery
glomerulus
hepatic artery
renal artery
68
Most reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule
True
False
true
69
The percentage of filtrate reabsorbed into the bloodstream
99%
50%
10%
80%
99%
70
Which blood vessel directly feeds the glomerulus?
renal vein
peritubular capillary
efferent arteriole
afferent arteriole
afferent arteriole
71
When antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present, diuresis increases.
True
False
True
72
The process that takes large wastes from the blood and places them directly into the tubules
reabsorption
osmosis
filtration
secretion
secretion
72
A diuretic medicine causes
salt to be excreted
urine to be voided
water and salt to be reabsorbed
water to be reabsorbed
urine to be voided
73
Which of the following is NOT typically found in filtrate?
proteins
amino acids
glucose
ions
proteins
74
Excretion moves large wastes from the blood into the tubules
True
False
false
74
Antidiuretic hormone causes
water and salt to be reabsorbed
salt to be excreted
water to be reabsorbed
urine to be voided
water to be reabsorbed
75
The portion of the renal tubule closest to the glomerulus
collecting duct
glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
75
Substances for reabsorption enter the
glomerular (Bowman's)
capsule
distal convoluted tubule
glomerulus
peritubular capillaries
peritubular capillaries
76
Useful substances are returned to the blood during secretion.
True
False
false
76
Lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
glomerulonephritis
urethritis
diabetes insipidus
diabetes mellitus
diabetes insipidus
77
Filtrate contains everything in blood plasma EXCEPT for
proteins
water
electrolytes
solutes
proteins
78
The inability to voluntarily control the external urethral sphincter
urinary retention
urgency
incontinence
hyperplasia
incontinence
79
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can cause urinary tract infections.
True
False
true
80
The involuntary sphincter that keeps the urethra closed
ileocecal sphincter
external urethral sphincter
internal urethral sphincter
internal anal sphincter
internal urethral sphincter
81
The urinary bladder is able to expand due to
simple squamous epithelium
transitional epithelium
pseudostratified epithelium
sphincters
transitional epithelium
82
Control of the voluntary urethral sphincter in children relates to
nervous system development
hormone regulation
muscular development
enzymatic regulation
nervous system development
83
The triangular region of the urinary bladder formed by 3 openings
calyx
pelvis
trigone
hilum
trigone
83
Urinating small amounts often, due to bladder shrinkage.
incontinence
nocturia
glomerulonephritis
frequency
frequency
84
Incontinence is common in the elderly
True
False
true
85
Sacs in kidneys which obstruct urine drainage
polycystic kidney disease
glycosuria
anuria
cystitis
polycystic kidney disease
86
What tube connects each kidney to the urinary bladder?
calyx
urethra
collecting duct
ureter
ureter
87
Feeling the need to empty the bladder
incontinence
urinary retention
urgency
nocturia
urgency
88
The need to get up during the night to urinate
frequency
incontinence
urgency
nocturia
nocturia
89
The voluntarily controlled sphincter
internal urethral sphincter
external urethral sphincter
trigone
internal anal sphincter
external urethral sphincter
90
The process of emptying the urinary bladder is known as voiding or
micturition
incontinence
urgency
nocturia
micturition
91
Hypospadias is a condition that involves
atrophied prostate
closing of the foreskin over the end of the penis
opening of the urethra on the ventral surface of the penis
inflammation of the glomerulus
opening of the urethra on the ventral surface of the penis
92
Which one of the following substances is normally found in urine?
creatinine
proteins
white blood cells
hemoglobin
creatinine
93
What could be a possible cause of bile pigments in the urine?
kidney stones
kidney infection
diabetes mellitus
liver disease
liver disease
94
Which one of the following is NOT reabsorbed?
urea
amino acids
sodium
glucose
urea
95
When blood is too alkaline, the kidneys can excrete
hydrogen
oxygen
bicarbonate
ammonia
bicarbonate
96
What term describes abnormally low urine output, around 100 to 400 mL per day?
anuria
nocturia
oliguria
hematuria
oliguria
97
Arterial blood pH above 7.45 is considered to be
acidosis
metabolic acidosis
normal
alkalosis
alkalosis
98
Most common bacteria to infect the urinary tract
Mycobacterium
Escherichia coli
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
Escherichia coli
99
Infection of the urinary bladder
cystitis
hypospadias
glomerulonephritis
urethritis
cystitis
100
The micturition reflex forces urine into the upper part of the
urethra
rectum
kidney
urinary bladder
ureter
urethra
101
What tube transports urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body?
distal convoluted tubule
urethra
collecting duct
ureter
urethra
102
Liver disease, such as hepatitis, can lead to
bilirubinuria
proteinuria
ketonuria
diabetes mellitus
bilirubinuria
103
Inflammation of the urethra is called
pyelonephritis
glomerulonephritis
cystitis
urethritis
urethritis
104
The highest concentration of urea should be found in the
blood
intracellular fluid
urine
lymph
urine
105
Aldosterone does NOT directly or indirectly regulate
chloride
glucose
sodium
water
glucose
105
Who has the highest percentage of water in the body?
adult female
adult male
infant
elderly female
elderly male
infant
106
Untreated streptococcal infections in childhood can lead to
glomerulonephritis
hypospadias
urethritis
cystitis
glomerulonephritis
107
What is the most common route for water loss?
sweat
urine
feces
through the lungs
urine
108
With acidosis, kidneys excrete bicarbonate and reabsorb H+.
True
False
false
108
Congenital condition is found in male babies only
cystitis
renal calculi
hypospadias
glomerulonephritis
hypospadias
109
Extracellular fluid (ECF) is found everywhere in the body EXCEPT
humors of the eye and lymph
interstitial fluid
blood plasma
cerebrospinal fluid
within living cells
within living cells
110
A diet rich in proteins produces alkaline urine.
True
False
false
111
How does angiotensin II directly restore low blood pressure to normal?
causes blood vessels to vasodilate.
causes blood vessels to vasoconstrict.
promotes reabsorption of sodium and water
promotes reabsorption of sodium only
promotes reabsorption of water only
causes blood vessels to vasoconstrict.
112
Which of the following is the major stimulus for the thirst mechanism?
decreased urination
increased solute in blood plasma
hunger
defecation
increased saliva production
increased solute in blood plasma
112
What percentage of the adult female body is water?
50%
60%
80%
20%
50%
113
With high blood pH, respiratory control centers in the brain are
accelerated
controlled by the kidneys
depressed
shut off
depressed
114
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts on the
glomerulus
proximal convoluted tubule
urinary bladder
distal convoluted tubule/collecting duct
distal convoluted tubule/collecting duct
115
Hormone that acts on the kidneys to regulate
sodium
aldosterone
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
renin
epinephrine
aldosterone
116
How do kidneys respond to acidic blood?
reabsorb bicarbonate only
secrete more H+ only
secrete more H+ and reabsorb bicarbonate
they increase the breathing rate
they decrease the breathing rate
secrete more H+ and reabsorb bicarbonate
